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Animal Tissues and Organ Systems Bio 100 Tri-County Technical College Pendleton, S. C. Human Body Organization • • • • • • Hierarchy of organization Humans are composed of systems Systems are composed of organs Organs are composed of tissues Tissues are composed of cells Cells are composed of atoms and molecules Human Body Tissues • Four categories –epithelial –connective –muscular –nervous Epithelial Tissues • Functions – – – – protection absorption filtration secretion Connective Tissue • Connects the body parts. • Some examples – – – – – bone tendons blood ligaments cartilage Muscular Tissue • Contract, or shorten, to produce movement • Types – skeletal – smooth – cardiac Kinds of Muscle Tissue • Skeletal muscle tissue – found attached to bones – voluntary muscle • Smooth muscle tissue – blood vessels, GI tract – involuntary muscle • Cardiac muscle – heart Nervous Tissue • Irritability – responds to stimuli • Conductivity – conducts nerve impulses over distances of the body • Makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves The Human Systems • • • • • • Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular • • • • • Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Integumentary System • forms external body covering • protects deeper tissues from injury • synthesizes vit. D • location of cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands Skeletal System • protects and supports • provides framework for muscles to cause movement • blood cell formation • mineral storage Muscular System • allows manipulation of the environment • locomotion • facial expression • maintains posture • produces heat Nervous System • fast acting control system • responds by activating the appropriate muscles and glands Endocrine System • made up of glands • glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells Cardiovascular System • blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. • the heart pumps blood Lymphatic System • picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood • disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream • houses whit blood cells involved in immunity Respiratory System • constantly supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide • gaseous exchange occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs Digestive System • breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells • eliminates undigestible food as feces Urinary System • eliminates nitrogenous wastes • regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood Reproductive Systems • production of offspring • testes produce sperm and male sex hormone • ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to female reproductive tract • ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones • remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus • mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn Major Organs in Each System • Integumentary system – skin – cutaneous receptors – sweat and oil glands • Skeletal System – cartilages – joints – bones • Muscular system – skeletal muscles – smooth muscle – cardiac muscle • Nervous system – brain – spinal cord – nerves • Endocrine system – glands that secrete directly into the interstitial fluid • Cardiovascular system – heart – blood vessels • Lymphatic system – lymphatic vessels – lymph nodes – thoracic duct • Respiratory system – pharynx, trachea – bronchus and lungs • Digestive system – – – – esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine • Urinary system – – – – kidneys ureter urinary bladder urethra • Male reproductive system – – – – testis vas deferens penis scrotum • Female reproductive system – – – – ovaries uterus and uterine tubes vagina mammary glands