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CHAPTER 22
THE RESPITORY SYSTEM
PART A
CHAPTER 22
Read pages: 804-819
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1
Respiration
2
• Function: Supply the body with oxygen and
dispose of carbon dioxide
• Involves both the respiratory and the
circulatory systems
• Four processes that supply the body with O2
and dispose of CO2
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Respiration
• Pulmonary ventilation (breathing):
movement of air into and out
of the lungs
• External respiration: O2 and CO2
exchange between the lungs
and the blood
• Transport: O2 and CO2
in the blood
• Internal respiration: O2 and CO2
exchange between systemic blood
vessels and tissues
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3
Respiratory
system
Circulatory
system
Respiratory System: Functional Anatomy 4
• Major organs
• Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi and their branches
• Lungs and alveoli
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Fig. 22.1 pg: 805
Nasal cavity
Nostril
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Carina of
trachea
Right main
(primary)
bronchus
Right lung
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Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Left lung
Diaphragm
Figure 21.1
Functional Anatomy
6
• Respiratory zone: site of gas exchange
• Microscopic structures: respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
• Conducting zone: conduits to gas exchange
sites
• Includes all other respiratory structures
• Respiratory muscles: diaphragm and other
muscles that promote ventilation
PLAY
Animation: Rotatable face
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The Nose
7
• Functions
• Provides an airway for respiration
• Moistens and warms the entering air
• Filters and cleans inspired air
• Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
• Houses olfactory receptors
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The Nose
8
• Two regions: external nose and nasal cavity
1. External nose: root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and
apex
• Nostrils (nares): bounded laterally by the
alae
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9. Fig. 22a pg: 806
Epicranius,
frontal belly
Root and
bridge of
nose
Dorsum nasi
Ala of nose
Apex of nose
Naris (nostril)
Philtrum
(a) Surface anatomy
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Figure 21.2a
10.
Fig
22
b
pg:
80
6
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Septal cartilage
Maxillary bone
(frontal process)
Lateral process of
septal cartilage
Minor alar cartilages
Dense fibrous
connective tissue
Major alar
cartilages
(b) External skeletal framework
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Figure 21.2b
The Nose
11
2. Nasal cavity: in and posterior to the external
nose
• Divided by a midline nasal septum
• Posterior nasal apertures (choanae) open
into the nasal pharynx koe.an’.e/funnel
• Roof: ethmoid and sphenoid bones
• Floor: hard and soft palates
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Nasal Cavity
12
• Vestibule: nasal cavity superior to the nostrils
• Hairs filter coarse particles from inspired air
• Olfactory mucosa
• Lines the superior nasal cavity
• Contains smell receptors
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Nasal Cavity
13
• Respiratory mucosa
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• Mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme
(antibacterial enzyme) and defensins (natural
antibiotic)
• Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat
• Inspired air is warmed by plexuses of capillaries and
veins
• Sensory nerve endings triggers sneezing
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Fig. 22.3c
Pg: 808
14
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoid sinus
Posterior nasal
aperture
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
Uvula
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
(superior, middle
and inferior)
Nasal meatuses
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
Nasal vestibule
Nostril
Oropharynx
Palatine tonsil
Isthmus of the
fauces
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
(c) Illustration
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Larynx
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal fold
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid gland
Hyoid bone
Figure 21.3c
Nasal Cavity
15
• Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
(Kong’.ke)
• Protrude from the lateral walls
• Increase mucosal area
• Enhance air turbulence
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Functions of the Nasal Mucosa and
Conchae
• During inhalation, the conchae and nasal
mucosa
• Filter, heat, and moisten air
• During exhalation these structures
• Reclaim heat and moisture
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16
Paranasal Sinuses
17
• In frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary
bones
• Lighten the skull and help to warm and
moisten the air
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Pharynx
18
• Muscular tube that connects to the
• Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly
• Larynx and esophagus inferiorly
• From the base of the skull to the level of the
sixth cervical vertebra
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Fig. 22.3 pg. 808
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
(b) Regions of the pharynx
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Figure 21.3b
Nasopharynx
20
• Air passageway posterior to the nasal cavity
• Lining: pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx
during swallowing
• Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) on posterior wall
• Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes open into
the lateral walls
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Oropharynx
21
• Passageway for food and air from the level of
the soft palate to the epiglottis
• Lining of stratified squamous epithelium
• Palatine tonsils in the lateral walls of fauces
• Lingual tonsil on the posterior surface of the
tongue
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Laryngopharynx
• Passageway for food and air
• Posterior to the upright epiglottis
• Extends to the larynx, where it is also
continuous with the esophagus
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22
Fig. 22.3c
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoid sinus
Posterior nasal
aperture
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
Uvula
Frontal sinus
Pg. 808
Nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
(superior, middle
and inferior)
Nasal meatuses
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
Nasal vestibule
Nostril
Oropharynx
Palatine tonsil
Isthmus of the
fauces
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
(c) Illustration
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Larynx
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal fold
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid gland
Hyoid bone
Figure 21.3c
Larynx
24
• Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the
laryngopharynx
• Continuous with the trachea
• Functions
1. Provides a patent airway
2. Routes air and food into proper channels
3. Voice production
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Larynx
25
• Cartilages of the larynx
• Hyaline cartilage except for the epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence
(Adam’s apple)
• Epiglottis: elastic cartilage; covers the laryngeal
inlet during swallowing
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Larynx
26
• Vocal ligaments
• Contain elastic fibers
• Form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
• Opening between them is the glottis
• Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes
up from the lungs
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Larynx
27
• Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
• Superior to the vocal folds
• No part in sound production
• Help to close the glottis during swallowing
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Fig. 22.5 a&b pg. 811
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold
(false vocal cord)
Vocal fold
(true vocal cord)
Glottis
Inner lining of trachea
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
(a) Vocal folds in closed position;
closed glottis
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(b) Vocal folds in open position;
open glottis
Figure 21.5
Voice Production
29
• Speech: intermittent release of expired air
while opening and closing the glottis
• Pitch is determined by the length and tension
of the vocal cords
• Loudness depends upon the force of air
• Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus
cavities amplify and enhance sound quality
• Sound is “shaped” into language by muscles
of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips
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Larynx
30
• Vocal folds may act as a sphincter to prevent
air passage
• Example: Valsalva’s maneuver
• Glottis closes to prevent exhalation
• Abdominal muscles contract
• Intra-abdominal pressure rises
• Helps to empty the rectum or stabilizes the
trunk during heavy lifting
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Trachea
31
• Windpipe: from the larynx into the
mediastinum
• Wall composed of three layers
1. Mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with
goblet cells
2. Submucosa: connective tissue with seromucous
glands
3. Adventitia: outermost layer made of connective
tissue that encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline
cartilage
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Trachea
32
• Trachealis muscle
• Connects posterior parts of cartilage rings
• Contracts during coughing to expel mucus
• Carina
• Last tracheal cartilage
• Point where trachea branches into two bronchi
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Fig: 22.6a Pg. 812
Posterior
Mucosa
Submucosa
Esophagus
Trachealis
muscle
Lumen of
trachea
Seromucous gland
in submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitia
Anterior
(a) Cross section of the trachea and esophagus
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Figure 21.6a
Fig: 22.6b Pg. 812
Mucosa
• Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
• Lamina propria
(connective tissue)
Submucosa
Seromucous gland
in submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
(b) Photomicrograph of the tracheal wall (320x)
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Figure 21.6b
Bronchi and Subdivisions
35
• Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching
• Branching pattern called the bronchial
(respiratory) tree
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Conducting Zone Structures
36
• Trachea  right and left main (primary)
bronchi
• Each main bronchus enters the hilum of one
lung
• Each main bronchus branches into lobar
(secondary) bronchi (three right, two left)
• Each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe
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Conducting Zone Structures
37
• Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental
(tertiary) bronchi
• Segmental bronchi divide repeatedly
• Bronchioles are less than 1 mm in diameter
• Terminal bronchioles are the smallest, less
than 0.5 mm diameter
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Fig: 22.7 pg. 813
Trachea
Middle lobe
of right lung
Superior lobe
of left lung
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Lobar
(secondary)
bronchus
Segmental
(tertiary)
bronchus
Inferior lobe
of right lung
Inferior lobe
of left lung
Superior lobe
of right lung
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Figure 21.7
Conducting Zone Structures
39
• From bronchi through bronchioles, structural
changes occur
• Cartilage rings give way to plates; cartilage is
absent from bronchioles
• Epithelium changes from pseudostratified
columnar to cuboidal; cilia and goblet cells
become sparse
• Relative amount of smooth muscle increases
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Respiratory Zone
• Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts,
alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli)
• ~300 million alveoli account for most of the
lungs’ volume and are the main site for gas
exchange
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40
Fig: 22.8a pg. 814
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Respiratory
bronchioles
Terminal
bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar
sac
(a)
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Figure 21.8a
Fig: 22.8b pg. 814
Emphysema/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Respiratory
bronchiole
Alveolar
duct
Alveolar
pores
Alveoli
(b)
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Alveolar
sac
Figure 21.8b
Respiratory Membrane
43
• ~0.5-m-thick air-blood barrier
• Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused
basement membranes
• Alveolar walls
• Single layer of squamous epithelium (type I
cells)
• Scattered type II cuboidal cells secrete
surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
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44 Fig. 22.9a pg. 816
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Smooth
muscle
Elastic
fibers
Alveolus
Capillaries
(a) Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships
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Figure 21.9a
45
Fig.
22.9b
pg.
816
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Figure 21.9b
Alveoli
46
• Surrounded by fine elastic fibers
• Contain open pores that
• Connect adjacent alveoli
• Allow air pressure throughout the lung to be
equalized
• House alveolar macrophages that keep
alveolar surfaces sterile
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47 Fig. 22.9c pg. 816
Red blood
cell
Nucleus of type I
(squamous
epithelial) cell
Alveolar pores
Capillary
O2
Capillary
CO2
Alveolus
Alveolus
Type I cell
of alveolar wall
Macrophage
Endothelial cell nucleus
Alveolar
epithelium
Fused basement
membranes of the
Respiratory alveolar epithelium
membrane and the capillary
Red blood cell
endothelium
Alveoli (gas-filled in capillary
Type II (surfactantCapillary
air spaces)
secreting) cell
endothelium
(c) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane
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Figure 21.9c
Lungs
48
• Occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the
mediastinum
• Root: site of vascular and bronchial
attachments
• Costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior
surfaces
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49
Vertebra
Right lung
Parietal
pleura
Visceral
pleura
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
membranes
Sternum
Posterior
Fig. 22.10c pg 817
Esophagus
(in mediastinum)
Root of lung
at hilum
• Left main bronchus
• Left pulmonary artery
• Left pulmonary vein
Left lung
Thoracic wall
Pulmonary trunk
Heart (in mediastinum)
Anterior mediastinum
Anterior
(c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs,
pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.
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Figure 21.10c
Lungs
• Apex: superior tip
• Base: inferior surface that rests on the
diaphragm
• Hilum: on mediastinal surface; site for
attachment of blood vessels, bronchi,
lymphatic vessels, and nerves
• Cardiac notch of left lung: concavity that
accommodates the heart
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50
Lungs
51
• Left lung is smaller, separated into two lobes
by an oblique fissure
• Right lung has three lobes separated by
oblique and horizontal fissures
• Bronchopulmonary segments (10 right, 8–9
left)
• Lobules are the smallest subdivisions; served
by bronchioles and their branches
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52 Fig: 22.10c
pg. 817
Trachea
Thymus
Lung
Intercostal
muscle
Rib
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
Apex of lung
Right superior lobe
Horizontal fissure
Heart
(in mediastinum)
Right middle lobe
Oblique fissure
Right inferior lobe
Diaphragm
Base of lung
Left
superior lobe
Oblique
fissure
Left inferior
lobe
Cardiac notch
(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
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Figure 21.10a
Right lung
Right
superior
lobe (3
segments)
Left lung
Left superior
lobe
(4 segments)
53
Right
middle
lobe (2
segments)
Fig.
22.11
Pg. 818
Right
inferior lobe (5 segments)
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Left inferior
lobe (5 segments)
Figure 21.11
Blood Supply
54
• Pulmonary circulation (low pressure, high
volume)
• Pulmonary arteries deliver systemic venous
blood
• Branch profusely, along with bronchi
• Feed into the pulmonary capillary networks
• Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from
respiratory zones to the heart
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Blood Supply
55
• Systemic circulation (high pressure, low volume)
• Bronchial arteries provide oxygenated blood to
lung tissue
• Arise from aorta and enter the lungs at the
hilum
• Supply all lung tissue except the alveoli
• Pulmonary veins carry most venous blood back to
the heart
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Pleurae
56
• Thin, double-layered serosa
• Parietal pleura on thoracic wall and superior
face of diaphragm
• Visceral pleura on external lung surface
• Pleural fluid fills the slitlike pleural cavity
• Provides lubrication and surface tension
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57
Vertebra
Right lung
Parietal
pleura
Visceral
pleura
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
membranes
Sternum
Posterior
Fig: 22.10c pg. 817
Esophagus
(in mediastinum)
Root of lung
at hilum
• Left main bronchus
• Left pulmonary artery
• Left pulmonary vein
Left lung
Thoracic wall
Pulmonary trunk
Heart (in mediastinum)
Anterior mediastinum
Anterior
(c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs,
pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.
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Figure 21.10c
Mechanics of Breathing
58
• Pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases
1. Inspiration: gases flow into the lungs
2. Expiration: gases exit the lungs
3. Inspiration/expiration
4. Cellular Respiration
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