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Vocabulary Review
Ch 32 – Intro to
Animals
A multicellular,
heterotrophic organism that
lacks cell walls and that is
usually characterized by
movement and sexual
reproduction; a member of
Kingdom Animalia
Animal
An animal that has a
backbone; includes
mammals, birds,
reptiles, amphibians,
and fish
Vertebrate
An animal that does
not have a backbone
Invertebrate
The evolutionary
adaptation of a cell,
organ, organism, or
population for a
particular function or
environment
Specialization
The process of taking
in food
Ingestion
The cell that results
from the fusion of
gametes; a fertilized
egg
Zygote
The structural and
functional
specialization of cells
during an organism’s
development
Differentiation
An animal that at some stage
in its life cycle has a dorsal
nerve, a notochord, and
pharyngeal pouches; examples
include mammals, birds,
reptiles, amphibians, fish,
and some marine lower forms
Chordate
In the embryos of all
chordates and in many
adult chordates, a firm,
flexible rod of tissue that
is located in the dorsal
part of the body
Notochord
A neural tube dorsal
to the notochord
Dorsal nerve cord
One of the lateral sac
that branch from the
pharynx of chordate
embryos and that may
open to the outside as gill
slits in adult fishes and
invertebrate chordates
Pharyngeal pouch
A body arrangement
in which parts that
lie on opposite sides
of a central line are
identical
Symmetry
A body plan in which
the parts of an
animal’s body are
organized in a circle
around a central axis
Radial symmetry
Lying on or near the
back
Dorsal
The lower or
abdominal part of an
organism
Ventral
The front part of a
body or structure
Anterior
In animals with
bilateral symmetry,
refers to the end of
the body that is
opposite the head;
rear
Posterior
A condition in which
two equal halves of a
body mirror each
other
Bilateral
symmetry
The concentration of
nerve tissue and
sensory organs at the
anterior end of an
organism
Cephalization
One of the layers of
tissue that develop in
the embryos of all
animals except
sponges
Germ layer
The division of the
body of an organism
into a series of
similar parts
Segmentation
A hard, external,
supporting structure
that develops from
the ectoderm
Exoskeleton
In aquatic animals, a
respiratory structure that
consists of many blood
vessels surrounded by a
membrane that allows for
gas exchange
Gill
A type of circulatory
system in which the
circulatory fluid is not
contained entirely within
vessels; a heart pumps fluid
through vessels that empty
into spaces called sinuses
Open circulatory
system
A circulatory system in which
the heart circulates blood
through a network of vessels
that form a closed loop; the
blood does not leave the blood
vessels, and materials diffuse
across the walls of the
vessels
Closed circulatory
system
An organism that has
both male and female
reproductive organs
Hermaphrodite
An independent and
immature form of an
organism that is
morphologically
different from the
adult form
Larva
An internal skeleton
made of bone and
cartilage
Endoskeleton
One of the 33 bones
in the spinal column
(backbone)
Vertebra
The outer, protective
covering of a body, a
body part, an ovule,
or a sporangium
Integument
The central organ of the
respiratory system in
which oxygen from the air
is exchanged with carbon
dioxide from the blood
Lung
One of the organs that
filter water and wastes
from the blood, excrete
products as urine, and
regulate the concentration
of certain substances in
the blood
Kidney
A compound that
improves the quality
of the soil to produce
plants
Fertilization
In biological
development, a series
of cell divisions that
occur immediately
after an egg is
fertilized
Cleavage
The stage of an
embryo before
gastrulation
Blastula
The transformation
of the blastula into
the gastrula or the
formation of the
embryonic germ
layers
Gastrulation
The embryo in the
stage of development
after the blastula;
contains the
embryonic germ
layers
Gastrula
The primitive gastric
cavity of an embryo
Archenteron
An opening that
develops in the
blastula
Blastopore
The outermost of the three
germ layers of an embryo
that develops into the
epidermis and epidermal
tissues, the nervous system,
external sense organs, and
the mucous membranes lining
the mouth and anus
Ectoderm
An animal that can generate
body heat through metabolism
and can maintain a constant
body temperature despite
temperature changes in the
animal’s environment
Endoderm
In an embryo, the
middle layer of cells
that gives rise to
muscles, blood, and
various systems
Mesoderm
An animal that lacks
a coelom, or body
cavity
Acoelomate
The type of body cavity,
derived from the blastocoel
and referred to as a “false
body cavity,” that forms
between the mesoderm and
the endoderm in rotifers and
roundworms
Pseudocoelom
A body cavity that is
completely lined by
mesoderm and that
contains the internal
organs of an animal
Coelom
An organism whose embryonic
blastopore develops into the
mouth, whose coelom arises
by schizocoely, and whose
embryo has determinate
cleavage
Protostome
An organism whose embryonic
blastopore develops into an
anus, whereas its mouth
develops from a second
opening at the opposite end of
the archenteron; usually
characterized by an embryo
that undergoes indeterminate,
radial cleavage
Deuterostome
The method of coelom
formation in
protostomes in which
the embryonic
mesoderm splits into
two layers
Schizocoely
In deuterostomes, the
method of coelom
formation in which the
embryonic mesoderm
develops from pouches
within the archenteron
Enterocoely