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Unlocking Medical Terminology Second Edition CHAPTER 11 Blood and the Lymphatic System Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Define and spell the word parts used to create medical terms for blood and the lymphatic system – Identify the organs of blood and the lymphatic system and describe their structure and function Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (cont.) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Define common medical terms used for blood and the lymphatic system – Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices for blood and the lymphatic system Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Blood and the Lymphatics • Blood is normally found only in the cardiovascular system, and its primary function is transport • Another type of fluid, known as lymph, also transports substances throughout the body and is found in the lymphatic vessels Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Blood and the Lymphatics (cont.) • The two fluids are intertwined because lymph is formed from blood and because blood and lymph both carry white blood cells Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prefixes • • • • • • ana- = up, toward, apart homo- = same iso- = equal macro- = large micro- = small pro- = before Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms • • • • • aden/o = gland aut/o = self bacteri/o = bacteria blast/o = germ, bud, developing cell chromat/o = color Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms (cont.) • • • • erythr/o = red fung/o = fungus hem/o, hemat/o = blood immun/o = exempt; immunity Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms (cont.) • • • • leuk/o = white lymph/o = clear water, fluid mon/o = one myel/o = bone marrow (also means spinal cord, medulla, myelin) • nucle/o = kernel, nucleus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms (cont.) • • • • • path/o = disease plas/o = change poikil/o = irregular septic/o = putrefying splen/o = spleen Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms (cont.) • staphyl/o = grape-like clusters; Staphylococcus • strept/o = twisted or gnarled; Streptococcus • therm/o = heat Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms (cont.) • • • • thromb/o = clot thym/o = wart-like; thymus gland tox/o, toxic/o = poison vir/o = virus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Suffixes • • • • • • -crit = to separate -cyte = cell -emia, -hemia = condition of blood -globin = globe-like protein -lysis = to dissolve, loosen -osis = condition of Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Suffixes (cont.) • -penia = abnormal reduction in number, deficiency • -pexy = surgical fixation, suspension • -phil, -philia = loving, affinity for Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Suffixes (cont.) • • • • -phylaxis = protection -poiesis = formation -stasis = standing still -therapy = treatment Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology • Some of the circulating blood does not return to the bloodstream but returns to the lymphatic vessels instead • The lymphatic vessels channel the fluid, known as lymph, back into the cardiovascular system • Before the lymph reaches the cardiovascular system it passes through numerous lymphatic organs Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology (cont.) • The lymphatic organs contain millions of white blood cells that filter the lymph by removing bacteria and other unwanted materials • The white blood cells are the functional components of the immune response that serve to defend against viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and nonliving substances that may cause disease Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Blood • The blood transports materials throughout the body via the cardiovascular system • It consists of a watery fluid and a combination of several types of formed elements that are suspended in the fluid • The fluid part of the blood is called plasma Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.1 A blood smear Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Blood (cont.) • Plasma is slightly thicker than water and is thickened by the presence of dissolved proteins • These proteins give plasma a yellow color • One of these proteins, fibrinogen, begins the blood clotting process • The removal of fibrinogen from a blood sample produces serum Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Blood (cont.) • The formed elements that are carried along in the plasma current include three types – Red blood cells (RBCs) – White blood cells (WBCs) – Platelets Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Red Blood Cells • Also called erythrocytes • The most abundant cells, numbering about 4,200,000 to 6,200,000 per cc in adults • Are produced from precursor cells, called stem cells, in the red bone marrow during the process known as hematopoiesis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Red Blood Cells (cont.) • Each cell is filled with the protein hemoglobin – Contains iron Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.2 Hematopoiesis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.3 Red blood cells Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Platelets • Platelets or thrombocytes are the second most abundant formed elements in blood • Smaller than RBCs, they range between 150,000 and 360,000 cells per cc of blood • Prevent fluid loss that would otherwise follow an injury by releasing proteins in a process, known as coagulation, which results in the formation of blood clots Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.4 Saturated red blood cells Source: Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.5 A blood clot Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. White Blood Cells • Also called leukocytes, they are the fewest cells in a normal sample of blood • Role is to protect the body from infectious microorganisms and other foreign, unwanted materials Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. White Blood Cells (cont.) • Several types of WBCs exist in the blood – Eosinophils – Basophils – Lymphocytes T cells and B cells – Neutrophils – Monocytes Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Lymphatic System • Closely related to the blood and its circulation • Plays a key role in protecting the body against infection • Includes a series of vessels that carry a fluid through the body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Lymphatic System (cont.) • This fluid, known as lymph, flows in a oneway direction toward the heart, rather than in a circulatory loop • Lymph originates when interstitial fluid finds its way into lymphatic capillaries • The lymph then flows into larger lymphatic vessels which are similar in structure to veins and often course alongside them Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Lymphatic System (cont.) • The lymphatic vessels deliver lymph into larger channels called lymphatic trunks • The largest lymphatic trunk is known as the thoracic duct Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.6 Macrophage Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Lymphatic System (cont.) • As lymph flows through the lymphatic vessels, it is channeled through small organs called lymph nodes • The lymph nodes contain millions of WBCs that remove foreign materials from the lymph as it passes through them Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Lymphatic System (cont.) • Other organs of the lymphatic system that protect against infection include the – Spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and lymphatic nodules Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Immune Response • The human body is continuously exposed to harmful substances, such as – Pathogenic microorganisms, poisonous molecules, foreign particles, and dying or diseased cells Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Immune Response (cont.) • Pathogenic microorganisms, or pathogens, are disease-causing agents that include – Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and worm-like organisms Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.7 The lymphatic system Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Immune Response (cont.) • Pathogens may cause harm by destroying cells or releasing poisonous substances that interfere with the cell function – These harmful substances are called toxins • Pathogens, toxins, and other harmful particles can severely disrupt health if left unchecked by the body’s defenses • An immunological disease resulting from a pathogen is called an infection Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Word Roots • • • • • • bacteri = bacteria cyt = cell erythr = red hem,hemat = blood immun = exempt, immunity lymph = clear water or fluid Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Word Roots (cont.) • • • • path = disease thromb = clot thym = wart-like, thymus gland tox = poison Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.8 Pathogens Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Important Terms • • • • • • • • Antibody Antigen Basophil B cell Blood clot Coagulation Fibrinogen Neutrophil Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd • • • • • • • • Phagocytosis Plasma Platelets Serum Spleen T cell Thoracic duct Tonsils Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terms • Hematology – The general field of medicine focusing on blood-related disease • Hematologist or hematopathologist – A physician specializing in the treatment of diseases associated with the blood Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terms (cont.) • Immunology – The field of medicine that focuses on immunological diseases – Sub-disciplines include virology, bacteriology, and toxicology Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Symptoms and Signs • Anisocytosis – Presence of red blood cells of unequal size • Bacteremia – Presence of bacteria in the bloodstream • Erythropenia – Abnormally reduced number of red blood cells • Hemolysis – Rupture of the red blood cell membrane Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Symptoms and Signs (cont.) • Hemorrhage – Loss of blood from the circulation • Macrocytosis – Abnormally large-sized red blood cells • Poikilocytosis – Large, irregularly-shaped red blood cells Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Symptoms and Signs (cont.) • Polycythemia – Abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes in the blood • Splenomegaly – Abnormal enlargement of the spleen • Toxemia – Presence of toxins in the bloodstream Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders • AIDS – The acronym for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which disables the immune response by destroying mainly helper T cells (needed for activation of B cells); the loss of immune function allows opportunistic infections to proliferate and eventually cause death Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.9 HIV Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Allergy – A response to an allergen, which is an antigen that produces a hypersensitivity reaction that includes immediate inflammation but does not elicit other immune responses; allergies are of many types, the most common of which are allergic rhinitis (hay fever) that affects the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and throat, and allergic dermatitis, which affects the skin where it has made contact with the allergen Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.10 Results from an allergy skin test Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Anaphylaxis – An immediate reaction to an antigen that includes rapid inflammation and system-wide smooth muscle contractions Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Anemia – A reduced ability of red blood cells to deliver oxygen to tissues; common forms of anemia include aplastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and pernicious anemia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Aplastic anemia – Anemia characterized by the failure of red bone marrow to produce red blood cells • Autoimmune disorder – Any one of several diseases that are caused by a person’s own immune response attacking otherwise healthy tissues, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Botulism – A form of poisoning caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with the toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum • Diphtheria – A disease caused by a bacterium and its toxin, resulting in inflammation of mucous membranes primarily in the mouth and throat Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.11 Diphtheria Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Dyscrasia – a general term for an abnormal condition of the blood Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Erythroblastosis fetalis – A blood disorder resulting from incompatibility between a fetus with Rh positive blood and its mother with Rh negative blood, which causes the destruction of fetal red blood cells, and requires blood transfusions to save the fetus; also known as Rh mismatch or hemolytic disease of newborn Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Fungemia – A fungal infection distributed by way of the bloodstream • Gas gangrene – The infection of a wound caused by various anaerobic bacteria that produces a fermentation gas, necrosis, and septicemia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Hemochromatosis – Inherited disorder that results in an excessive accumulation of iron deposits in the body • Hemophilia – An inherited bleeding disorder that results from defective clotting proteins involved in blood coagulation Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Hodgkin’s disease – Cancer of lymphatic tissue, characterized by the progressive enlargement of lymph nodes, fatigue, and deficiency of the immune response • Immunodeficiency – A condition resulting from a defective immune response Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Immunosuppression – Reduction of an immune response caused by disease or, in the case of organ transplants, by the use of chemical, pharmacologic, physical, or immunologic agents • Infection – A multiplication of disease-causing microorganisms Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Inflammation – A swelling of body tissue caused by the movement of the plasma into the extracellular space to produce edema, or fluid accumulation in tissue; symptoms include swelling, redness, heat, and pain Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.12 Reaction against infection Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.13 Inflammation Source: Phototake NYC Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Influenza – A viral disease characterized by a temporary inflammation of mucous membranes and fever; commonly called “the flu,” it is highly contagious and the virus is capable of mutating to escape detection by B and T memory cells Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Iron deficiency anemia – Anemia that is caused by a lack of iron, which results in smaller red blood cells containing deficient levels of hemoglobin • Leukemia – Cancer of the red bone marrow, which is the blood-forming tissue Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.14 Leukemia Source: Getty Images, Inc./Stone Allstock Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Lymphadenitis – Inflammation of the lymph nodes • Lymphadenopathy – Literally, disease of the lymph nodes; this general term is often applied to a syndrome, lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS), which is a persistent swelling of the lymph nodes that often precedes the onset of AIDS Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Lymphoma – A tumor originating in lymphatic tissue • Malaria – A disease caused by a parasitic protozoan that infects red blood cells, which is carried by anopheles mosquitoes; it is characterized by periodic fevers and fatigue Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.15 Malaria Source: Photo Researchers, Inc. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Mononucleosis – A viral disease characterized by enlarged lymph nodes, an increase in number of mononuclear blood cells (monocytes and lymphocytes), sore throat, and fatigue Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.16 Mononucleosis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Myelodysplasia – Bone marrow disorder characterized by the proliferation of abnormal stem cells, which usually develops into a form of leukemia • Nosocomial infections – A disorder, usually bacterial infections, contracted during a hospital stay; often due to antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Pernicious anemia – Anemia caused by an inadequate supply of folic acid (vitamin B12), resulting in red blood cells that are large, varied in shape, and reduced in number Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Plague – Any infectious disease of wide prevalence or excessive mortality; it also refers specifically to an acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, characterized by high fever, skin eruptions, internal hemorrhage, and pneumonia, also called bubonic plague Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Septicemia – A systemic disease caused by the presence of bacteria and their toxins in the circulating blood; a person suffering from this is referred to as septic Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Rabies – A bacterial infection spread from the mouth of an infected animal, usually by way of a bite; the bacterium produces a neurotoxin that acts on the central nervous system and is highly fatal Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Sickle cell anemia – An inherited, chronic anemia that is characterized by defective hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to become misshapen (sickle-shaped), resulting in drowsiness, leg ulcerations, fever, joint and abdominal pain, and thrombosis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.17 Sickle cell anemia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.17(continued) Sickle cell anemia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Staphylococcemia – The presence of Staphylococci bacteria in the blood, which is the literal meaning of the term; commonly called a staph infection, it is a frequent complication to normal healing and also the most common cause of food poisoning, skin inflammation, osteomyelitus, and nosocomial infections Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Tetanus – A disease caused by a powerful neurotoxin released by the common bacterium Clostridium tetani; the toxin acts upon the central nervous system to cause convulsions and paralysis • Thymoma – A tumor originating in the thymus gland Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. HIV • Viruses combine with a host cell using their receptor molecules as “landing gear” and inject virus RNA inside the host cell • Once in the host cell, the viral RNA redirects cell functions to make copies of the virus • Soon after new viruses are produced they leave the host cell and infect other cells Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. HIV (cont.) • The host cell is then damaged or killed • HIV viral particles may lie dormant for years and once they are activated they are capable of killing many types of cells • HIV prefers helper T cells, although it attacks other cells Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. HIV (cont.) • Helper T cells have a CD-4 receptor, which HIV is able to form a chemical bond with to gain entry into the cell • When HIV enters the body, it usually infects helper T cells and causes flu-like symptoms • The symptoms are caused by the body’s immune response effort to remove the virus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. HIV (cont.) • The body is usually not able to completely eliminate the virus • The surviving HIV particles enter a period of dormancy in which there is no active reproduction of the virus for about 6 months, although the time may vary Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. HIV (cont.) • Following the dormant phase, HIV begins its reproductive phase and invades primarily helper T cells and destroys them to produce new viruses • HIV’s reproductive phase destroys 60-90% of the helper T cells in the body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. HIV (cont.) • The destruction of helper T cells results in a suppression of cell-mediated immunity, followed by the rise of opportunistic infections Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. HIV (cont.) • There is a long list of opportunistic infections that arise; the most deadly are fungal lung infections caused by Pneumocystis carinii that produces pneumonia, a lymphoma of the brain, and tuberculosis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. HIV (cont.) • Other less deadly diseases that are nonetheless painful and difficult to treat include – A skin cancer called Kaposi’s sarcoma – A protozoan infection called toxoplasmosis – Anorexia caused by bacterial infection of the digestive tract Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. HIV (cont.) • Other less deadly diseases that are nonetheless painful and difficult to treat include – Squamous cell carcinoma – Infection by Herpes viruses types 1 and 2 – Candidiasis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices • Antibiotic – A therapeutic treatment in which a substance with known toxicity to bacteria, which may be obtained from a mold or from other bacteria, is administered; it is effective only against bacteria, many types of which are capable of developing resistance, especially when antibiotics are not administered properly Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Anticoagulant – A chemical agent that reduces the clotting process Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Antiretroviral therapy – Application of drugs to battle against a class of viruses that tend to mutate quickly, known as retroviruses, of which HIV is a member; also known as combination therapy, the drugs form a cocktail that includes nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, all of which block HIV replication by a variety of means Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Attenuation – A process in which pathogens are rendered less virulent prior to their incorporation into a vaccine preparation • Autologous transfusion – Transfusion of blood donated by a patient for personal use; this is a common procedure before a surgery to avoid potential incompatibility or contamination Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Bacteriology – The field of science and medicine focused on the study of bacteria and prevention of bacterial diseases; one who specializes in this field is a bacteriologist • Blood chemistry – A test or series of tests on plasma to measure the levels of particular components Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Blood culture – A test to determine infection in the blood by placing a blood sample on a nutritive media in an effort to grow populations of bacteria for analysis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Blood transfusion – Introduction of blood, blood products, or blood substitute into a patient’s circulation to restore blood volume to normal levels; the two main types of blood transfusions are autologous transfusions and homologous transfusions Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.18 Blood transfusion Source: Getty Images Inc./Image Bank Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Coagulation time – A timed blood test to determine the time required for a blood clot to form; one type of this test, called prothrombin time (PT), measures the time required for prothrombin, a precursor protein, to form thrombin. It is often used to monitor anticlotting therapy. Another type is partial thromboplastin time (PTT), which is used to evaluate clotting ability Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Complete blood count – A common laboratory blood test that provides diagnostic information about a patient’s general health; abbreviated CBC, it includes several more specific tests, including hematrocrit, hemoglobin, red blood count, and white blood count Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Differential count – Microscopic count of the number of each type of white blood cell using a stained blood smear Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate – A timed test to measure the rate at which red blood cells fall through a volume of plasma to provide information on their hemoglobin content; abbreviated ESR, it is commonly used to evaluate nonspecific systemic inflammation Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Hematocrit – A test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood; abbreviated HCT or Hct, it is obtained from centrifuging a sample of blood to separate blood cells • Hematology – The general field of medicine focusing on blood-related disease; one who specializes in this field is a hematologist Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Hemoglobin – A test that measures the level of hemoglobin in red blood cells; abbreviated HGB or Hgb • Hemostasis – Stoppage of bleeding Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Homologous transfusion – Transfusion of blood that is voluntarily donated by another person, it requires blood type matching, known as crossmatching, to prevent incompatibility • Immunization – A procedure that provides immunity against a particular antigen Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.19 Immunization with a vaccine Source: PhotoEdit Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Immunology – The study concerned with immunity and allergy • Immunotherapy – Used in the treatment of infectious disease, it is the use of agents to activate or strengthen the immune response Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Lymph node dissection – Removal of lymph nodes for pathological study to assist in a diagnosis; also known as lymph node biopsy • Lymphadenectomy – Excision of a lymph node • Lymphadenography – The process of x-ray photography of the lymph nodes following injection of a contrast medium Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Lymphadenotomy – Incision into a lymph node • Lymphangiography – The process of x-ray photography of lymphatic vessels following injection of a contrast medium; it produces an x-ray recording called a lymphangiogram Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Pheresis – Removal of donor’s blood, which is then separated into blood components, with one portion retained for use and the remainder returned to the donor Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Platelet count – Calculation of the number of platelets in the blood • Prophylaxis – Any treatment that tends to prevent the onset of an infection or other type of disease • Red blood count – Measures the number of red blood cells per cubic centimeter (cc) Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Splenectomy – Excision of the spleen • Splenopexy – Surgical fixation of the spleen • Thrombolysis – The process of dissolving a blood clot • Thymectomy – Excision of the thymus gland Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Toxicology – Focuses on the study and treatment of toxins and the diseases they cause • Vaccination – The inoculation of a culture that has reduced virulence as a means of providing a cure or a prophylaxis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.) • Vaccine – Any preparation used to activate an immune response • Virology – Focuses on the study of viruses and the diseases they cause • White blood count – Measures the number of white blood cells per cubic centimeter Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Abbreviations • • • • • • • AIDS CBC ESR HCT, Hct HGB, Hgb HIV INR Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Abbreviations (cont.) • • • • • • • LAS PCP PLT PT PTT RBC WBC Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.