Download Ch. 8 vaccination

Active Immunity
• This occurs when the body creates the antibodies
for itself and creates a new population of T cells
and B memory cells
• Immunity can last a lifetime – B memory cells
and T memory cells are created
• Two types – Natural and Induced/Artificial
Natural Active Immunity
• The body makes the
antibodies
• Occurs when the person
comes into contact with
the pathogen cold, flu,
chicken pox
• Immunity can last a lifetime B memory cells
produced
Induced/Artificial Active immunity
• The body make the
antibodies
• Occurs when a person is
vaccinated eg polio,
meningococcal
• Immunity can last a
lifetime B memory cells
produced
Injections – Vaccination
• Dead organism
• Small dose of live organism (eg. Polio)
• Attenuated organism – remove disease causing
capacity
• Toxin – treated venom
• Designer protein vaccinations (eg. Hep B and
meningococcal)
Why do we still get sick?
• Bacteria have a capsule that can hide antigens
from the immune system
• Viruses can mutate from year to year changing
their protein coat so the B memory cells do not
recognise the virus
Active Immunity
Number of
antibodies
Primary
response
Secondary response
Time
Passive Immunity
• The body does not make the antibodies
• Lasts only a short amount of time as no B memory
cells are created
• Immediate protection
• Two types natural and induced/artificial
Induced/Artificial Passive Immunity
• Antivenom given after a snake
bite (rabbits antibody factories)
• Injections of Immunoglobins
(antibodies)
• No B or T memory cells created
• Last 2-3 weeks
Natural Passive Immunity
• Antibodies can move
across the placenta to a
baby
• Colostrum thick milk
produced by a mother
for a few days after
giving birth
Passive Immunity
Level of antibody
Time
Problems with the immune
system
Things that can go wrong
Rhesus Factor
• Markers found on red blood cell
• People are either positive (have proteins on their
surface) or negative( have no proteins on their
surface
Rhesus negative
Rhesus Positive
Mum Rh -ve
Blood types
• Blood type A
• Blood type B
• Blood type AB
• Blood type O
Blood transfusions
•
•
•
•
Blood type A has Antibodies to –
Blood type B has Antibodies to –
Blood type AB has Antibodies to –
Blood type O has Antibodies to -
Blood transfusions
• Blood type A can Donate to
• Blood type B can Donate to
• Blood type AB can Donate to
• Blood type O can Donate to
Blood type transfusions
• Blood type A can accept from –
• Blood type B can accept from –
• Blood type AB can accept from –
• Blood type O can accept from -
Transplants
•
•
•
•
Rejection of tissue
Only identical twins have the same markers
T helper cell identifies tissue
Cyclosporin suppresses T cell highly toxic to
kidneys
• Need to match markers closely
Auto immune diseases
• Arthritis – joint cartilage
• Multiple sclerosis – myelin layers around axon
degenerates
Allergies
• Mast cells and Basophil cells
• Mast cells located around blood vessels,
connective tissue, lining of gut and lungs
• Both contain large numbers of histamine –
contraction of smooth muscle