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Transplantation Science Lars Wramner MD, Ph.D. Transplantation Organs: – Kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas Tissues: – Cornea, skin, bone, heart valves Blood: – Erythrocytes, trombocytes, plasma Bone marrow: Transplantation Autotransplantation – Within one individual Isotransplantation – Between genetically identical individuals Allotransplantation – Between individuals from the same species Xenotransplantation – Between different species Transplantation antigens Antigen: A molecule recognised as foreign Blood group antigens – The ABO-system MHC: The Major Histocompatibility Complex – Humans: HLA, Human Leukocyte Antigens – Mouse: H2. Rats: RT1 – Enormous heterogeneity Others Specific -Nonspecific Non -specific inflammatory mechanisms: – Macrophages, dendritic cells. – NK cells – Granulocytes – Complement Antigen-specific immune response: – T-lymphocytes: TH, TC. – B-lymphocytes: Immunoglobulin, IG. MHC Location: – On the surface of nucleated cells. Function: – Antigen presentation. A foreign molecule + the MHCmolecule = altered self => antigen. – Transplantation. A foreign MHC-molecule = altered self => transplantation antigen. Inflammation: – Upregulated Immune activation Antigen presentation. Cell-to-cell adhesion. Signalling molecules. Cytokine gene polymorphism. Cell activation. Effector mechanisms. Antigen presentation Antigen presenting cells, APC. – Macrophages, dendritic cells Antigen presentation – Direct: Donor-APC with donor-MHC. – Indirect: Recipient-APC with donor-MHC. Cell-to-cell adhesion Close and stable adhesion: – Antigen presentation. – Facilitate signalling. Adhesion molecules: – IgSF (ICAM, VCAM, LFA-3) – Integrins: 1,2,3, LFA-1 – Selectins: E,L,P-selectins Signalling molecules Co-stimulation Cytokines: – Interleukins, IL – Interferons – TNF – TGF- – Others Regulation of the immune response Cytokine gene polymorphism SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism. Promoter region. Detected by PCR-technique. Inter-individual variation in cytokine- production or receptor activity. Different clinical outcome. Cell activation Step 1: Antigen - cytokine – Ca-dependent pathway – Ca-independent pathway Step 2: Cytokine - cell proliferation cycle – RAFT 1 – G1 -> S phase Purine synthesis – DeNovo pathway 7-10 days. Effector mechanisms TC (CD-8): Killer cells, cytotoxic cells. TH (CD-4): Helper cells, promote inflammation. B-lymphocytes: Antibody production, Acute rejection Cellular infiltration Cytokine production – Upregulation of MHC Tissue destruction – Cytotoxic T cells – Complement activation by antibodies Thrombosis Fibrosis Clinical signs of acute rejection Kidney: – Creatinine elevation – Lack of creatinine decline Liver: – Abnormal liver values. Thoracic organs – Protocol biopsies. Clinical classification of rejections: - Chronological Hyperacute: – Preformed antibodies. – Within minutes-hours. Acute: – Mainly cellular – Within weeks, < 3 months. Chronic: – After years, slowly progressing. Clinical classification of rejections: - Sensitive to treatment Steroid treatment: – Sensitive. – Resistant. Need for antibody treatment. Outcome – Return to baseline level – Stable at an elevated level – Progressive Chronic rejection Inflammation Arteriosclerosis – Intimal thickening Fibrosis Organ specific destruction's – Glomerular sclerosis and tubular atrophy – Vanishing bile ducts and cellular ballooning – Brochiolitis obliterans Tolerance Absence of activation: – Self tolerance! – Foetal tolerance! – Tumour tolerance? – Transplantation tolerance? Mechanisms: – Anergy – Clonal deletion – Suppresser cells Clinical results, kidney Acute rejection: – 50 %. Nearly always reversible. – Increased risk of chronic rejection. 1-year results: – 95 % patient survival. – 85-90 % graft survival. – Few infections, normal life. Long term: – 50 % graft survival, appr 15 years. TNF-gene polymorphism and graft survival Val av främmande organ Blodgruppstillhörighet. – Undantag, A2 -> 0 Transplantationsantigen – Enäggstvilling – HLA-identiska syskon – Övriga utan främmande HLA-antigen – Med påvisbara främmande antigen, > 90 % Immunosuppression Historik 60-talet: – Steroider (Prednisolon) – Azathiprin (Imurel) 80-talet: – Calcineurinhämning I: Cyclosporin (Sandimmun) – Lymfocytantikroppar: Polyklonalt (ATG), monoklonalt (OKT-3) 90-talet: – Calcineurinhämning II: FK506 (Prograf) – Purinesynteshämning: MMF (Cellcept) – TOR-hämning: Rapamycin (Rapamune), Everolimus (?) – IL-2 receptor hämning: Monoklonal a-k (Simulect, Zenapax) Steroider Verkan: Hämmar arachidonsyre kaskaden, antigenpresentation, cytokinproduction, adhesionsmolekyler och MHC-II och cellinteraktioner. Biverkan: Hypertoni, blodsockerhöjning, osteoporos, acne, hudatrofi, hämmad sårläkning, ulcus och muskelatrofi. Användning: – Profylax: Snabbt sjunkande, lågdos. – Rejektion: Högdos några dar. Cytokinhämning I Verkan:Synteshämning genom calcineurinblockad. – Cyclosporin, CyA: Sandimmun Neoral – Tacrolimus, FK506: Prograf Biverkan: – Njurtoxicitet, hypertoni, hårväxt (CyA), tremor, gingiva hyperplasi, atheroscleros? Calcineurinhämning QuickTime och en Foto - JPEG-dekomprimerare krävs för att kunna se bilden. Cytokinhämning II Verkan: Il-2 receptorblockad. Monoklonal antikropp, Simulect och Zenapax. Biverkan: Immunhämning !? Ges som injektion 2-5 gånger. Immunhämning i 2-5 månader. Cytokinhämning III Verkan: Hämmar effekten av receptoraktivering genom blockad av TOR. – Rapamycin: Rapamune – Everolimus: ? Biverkan: Hyperlipidemi, lätt benmärgshämning, ledbesvär, slemhinnesår, pneumonit. Ej nephrotoxiskt. Hämmar cellproliferation: Tumörer, blodkärlsendotel, ospecifik inflammation !? Leflunomid ?? TOR-hämning QuickTime och en Foto - JPEG-dekomprimerare krävs för att kunna se bilden. Hämning av celldelning Verkan: Hämmar celldelning, främst lymfocyter, genom purinsyntes hämning. – Azathioprine (Imurel) – MMF (Cellcept). Mer selektivt för lymfocyter. Biverkan: Buksmärtor och diarré, pancytopeni och slemhinnebesvär. Mizoribine ? Brequinarsodium ? Purinsynteshämning QuickTime och en Foto - JPEG-dekomprimerare krävs för att kunna se bilden. Antilymfocytantikroppar Verkan: Något oklar. Förmodligen celldöd, lys, och redistribution. Ger långvarig lymfopeni i perifert blod. Biverkan: – Kraftiga akut influensaliknande besvär. – Ledvärk. – Ökad infektionsrisk. – Risk för lymfom, senare. Användning: – Induktion. – Avstötning. Preparat: – Polyklonalt: ATG – Monoklonalt: OKT-3 Klinisk immunhämning I. Inga mätmetoder av immunologisk hämning. – Läkemedelskoncentration. – Leukocytnivåer. Allmänna doseringar: – Vetenskap, kliniska studier. – Beprövad erfarenhet. Minimera biverkningar. Kostnadseffektivt Klinisk immunhämning II Kombinationsterapi: – Trippel-, dubbel- eller monoterapi. – Successiv dosreduktion. Profylaktisk terapi. – Induktion, högdos. – Underhåll, lågdos. Avstötningsterapi: – Högdos steroider, 3-5 dar. – Antilymfocytantikroppar