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Transplantation Science Lars Wramner MD, Ph.D. Transplantation  Organs: – Kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas  Tissues: – Cornea, skin, bone, heart valves  Blood: – Erythrocytes, trombocytes, plasma  Bone marrow: Transplantation  Autotransplantation – Within one individual  Isotransplantation – Between genetically identical individuals  Allotransplantation – Between individuals from the same species  Xenotransplantation – Between different species Transplantation antigens  Antigen: A molecule recognised as foreign  Blood group antigens – The ABO-system  MHC: The Major Histocompatibility Complex – Humans: HLA, Human Leukocyte Antigens – Mouse: H2. Rats: RT1 – Enormous heterogeneity  Others Specific -Nonspecific  Non -specific inflammatory mechanisms: – Macrophages, dendritic cells. – NK cells – Granulocytes – Complement  Antigen-specific immune response: – T-lymphocytes: TH, TC. – B-lymphocytes: Immunoglobulin, IG. MHC  Location: – On the surface of nucleated cells.  Function: – Antigen presentation. A foreign molecule + the MHCmolecule = altered self => antigen. – Transplantation. A foreign MHC-molecule = altered self => transplantation antigen.  Inflammation: – Upregulated Immune activation  Antigen presentation.  Cell-to-cell adhesion.  Signalling molecules.  Cytokine gene polymorphism.  Cell activation.  Effector mechanisms. Antigen presentation  Antigen presenting cells, APC. – Macrophages, dendritic cells  Antigen presentation – Direct: Donor-APC with donor-MHC. – Indirect: Recipient-APC with donor-MHC. Cell-to-cell adhesion  Close and stable adhesion: – Antigen presentation. – Facilitate signalling.  Adhesion molecules: – IgSF (ICAM, VCAM, LFA-3) – Integrins: 1,2,3, LFA-1 – Selectins: E,L,P-selectins Signalling molecules  Co-stimulation  Cytokines: – Interleukins, IL – Interferons – TNF – TGF- – Others  Regulation of the immune response Cytokine gene polymorphism  SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.  Promoter region.  Detected by PCR-technique.  Inter-individual variation in cytokine- production or receptor activity.  Different clinical outcome. Cell activation  Step 1: Antigen - cytokine – Ca-dependent pathway – Ca-independent pathway  Step 2: Cytokine - cell proliferation cycle – RAFT 1 – G1 -> S phase  Purine synthesis – DeNovo pathway  7-10 days. Effector mechanisms  TC (CD-8): Killer cells, cytotoxic cells.  TH (CD-4): Helper cells, promote inflammation.  B-lymphocytes: Antibody production, Acute rejection  Cellular infiltration  Cytokine production – Upregulation of MHC  Tissue destruction – Cytotoxic T cells – Complement activation by antibodies  Thrombosis  Fibrosis Clinical signs of acute rejection  Kidney: – Creatinine elevation – Lack of creatinine decline  Liver: – Abnormal liver values.  Thoracic organs – Protocol biopsies. Clinical classification of rejections: - Chronological  Hyperacute: – Preformed antibodies. – Within minutes-hours.  Acute: – Mainly cellular – Within weeks, < 3 months.  Chronic: – After years, slowly progressing. Clinical classification of rejections: - Sensitive to treatment  Steroid treatment: – Sensitive. – Resistant. Need for antibody treatment.  Outcome – Return to baseline level – Stable at an elevated level – Progressive Chronic rejection  Inflammation  Arteriosclerosis – Intimal thickening  Fibrosis  Organ specific destruction's – Glomerular sclerosis and tubular atrophy – Vanishing bile ducts and cellular ballooning – Brochiolitis obliterans Tolerance  Absence of activation: – Self tolerance! – Foetal tolerance! – Tumour tolerance? – Transplantation tolerance?  Mechanisms: – Anergy – Clonal deletion – Suppresser cells Clinical results, kidney  Acute rejection: – 50 %. Nearly always reversible. – Increased risk of chronic rejection.  1-year results: – 95 % patient survival. – 85-90 % graft survival. – Few infections, normal life.  Long term: – 50 % graft survival, appr 15 years. TNF-gene polymorphism and graft survival Val av främmande organ  Blodgruppstillhörighet. – Undantag, A2 -> 0  Transplantationsantigen – Enäggstvilling – HLA-identiska syskon – Övriga utan främmande HLA-antigen – Med påvisbara främmande antigen, > 90 % Immunosuppression Historik  60-talet: – Steroider (Prednisolon) – Azathiprin (Imurel)  80-talet: – Calcineurinhämning I: Cyclosporin (Sandimmun) – Lymfocytantikroppar: Polyklonalt (ATG), monoklonalt (OKT-3)  90-talet: – Calcineurinhämning II: FK506 (Prograf) – Purinesynteshämning: MMF (Cellcept) – TOR-hämning: Rapamycin (Rapamune), Everolimus (?) – IL-2 receptor hämning: Monoklonal a-k (Simulect, Zenapax)  Steroider  Verkan: Hämmar arachidonsyre kaskaden, antigenpresentation, cytokinproduction, adhesionsmolekyler och MHC-II och cellinteraktioner.  Biverkan: Hypertoni, blodsockerhöjning, osteoporos, acne, hudatrofi, hämmad sårläkning, ulcus och muskelatrofi.  Användning: – Profylax: Snabbt sjunkande, lågdos. – Rejektion: Högdos några dar. Cytokinhämning I  Verkan:Synteshämning genom calcineurinblockad. – Cyclosporin, CyA: Sandimmun Neoral – Tacrolimus, FK506: Prograf  Biverkan: – Njurtoxicitet, hypertoni, hårväxt (CyA), tremor, gingiva hyperplasi, atheroscleros? Calcineurinhämning QuickTime och en Foto - JPEG-dekomprimerare krävs för att kunna se bilden. Cytokinhämning II  Verkan: Il-2 receptorblockad. Monoklonal antikropp, Simulect och Zenapax.  Biverkan: Immunhämning !?  Ges som injektion 2-5 gånger.  Immunhämning i 2-5 månader. Cytokinhämning III  Verkan: Hämmar effekten av receptoraktivering genom     blockad av TOR. – Rapamycin: Rapamune – Everolimus: ? Biverkan: Hyperlipidemi, lätt benmärgshämning, ledbesvär, slemhinnesår, pneumonit. Ej nephrotoxiskt. Hämmar cellproliferation: Tumörer, blodkärlsendotel, ospecifik inflammation !? Leflunomid ?? TOR-hämning QuickTime och en Foto - JPEG-dekomprimerare krävs för att kunna se bilden. Hämning av celldelning  Verkan: Hämmar celldelning, främst lymfocyter, genom purinsyntes hämning. – Azathioprine (Imurel) – MMF (Cellcept). Mer selektivt för lymfocyter.  Biverkan: Buksmärtor och diarré, pancytopeni och slemhinnebesvär.  Mizoribine ?  Brequinarsodium ? Purinsynteshämning QuickTime och en Foto - JPEG-dekomprimerare krävs för att kunna se bilden. Antilymfocytantikroppar  Verkan: Något oklar. Förmodligen celldöd, lys, och redistribution. Ger långvarig lymfopeni i perifert blod.  Biverkan: – Kraftiga akut influensaliknande besvär. – Ledvärk. – Ökad infektionsrisk. – Risk för lymfom, senare.  Användning: – Induktion. – Avstötning.  Preparat: – Polyklonalt: ATG – Monoklonalt: OKT-3 Klinisk immunhämning I.  Inga mätmetoder av immunologisk hämning. – Läkemedelskoncentration. – Leukocytnivåer.  Allmänna doseringar: – Vetenskap, kliniska studier. – Beprövad erfarenhet.  Minimera biverkningar.  Kostnadseffektivt Klinisk immunhämning II  Kombinationsterapi: – Trippel-, dubbel- eller monoterapi. – Successiv dosreduktion.  Profylaktisk terapi. – Induktion, högdos. – Underhåll, lågdos.  Avstötningsterapi: – Högdos steroider, 3-5 dar. – Antilymfocytantikroppar