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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Senescence Influences: genetic lifestyle environment historical period Multidimensional and multidirectional Average life expectancy has increased 25–30 years over past century Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Aging at the Level of DNA and Body Cells Programmed theories: Genes are “programmed” to cause changes resulting in aging. Telomeres: a type of DNA at the end of chromosomes that limit the number of times a cell can divide (usually 40-60) “random” damage theory: DNA is gradually damaged by spontaneous mutations or through external influences that cause mutations. The more damage, the more difficult cell repair and replacement becomes. Damage may also result in abnormal or cancerous cells Release of free radicals (naturally occurring, highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen) may cause age-related DNA and cellular abnormalities Aging at the Level of Organs and Tissues Cross-linkage theory: Over time, protein fibers that make up the body’s connective tissues form bonds (links) with one another. As these fibers cross one another, tissue becomes less elastic. Regular exercise and a vitamin-rich, low fat diet reduce cross linkage. Gradual failure of the endocrine system A decline in growth hormone is related to loss of muscle, increase of body fat and thinning of the skin Declines in immune system functioning Increase susceptibility to infectious and cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Cardiovascular and Respiratory Changes Heart: few resting changes but reduced performance under stress, exercise hypertension, atherosclerosis disease declining due to better lifestyle Lungs: maximum vital capacity declines after age 25 stiffness makes breathing harder with age Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Motor Performance in Adulthood Athletic skills peak from the early twenties to early thirties decline gradually until sixties or seventies, then more rapidly Continued training slows loss retains vital capacity, muscle, response speed © Pete Saloutos/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Aging and 10-km Running Time Figure 13.2 (From H. Tanaka & D. R. Seals, 2003, “Dynamic Exercise Performance in Masters Athletes: Insight into the Effects of Primary Human Aging on Physiological Functional Capacity,” Journal of Applied Physiology, 5, p. 2153. © The American Physiological Society (APS). All rights reserved. Adapted with permission.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Immune System in Early Adulthood Declines after age 20: shrinking thymus: reduced maturity and differentiation of T cells B cells rely on T cells to function Stress weakens immune response: psychological stressors physical stressors © Subbotina Anna/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Reproductive Capacity Increase in delayed childbearing Fertility risks for women: problems jump sharply at 35–44 years reduced number, quality of ova Fertility risks for men: problems gradual, starting age 35 decreased sperm volume, motility increased percentage abnormal sperm © wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Variations in Health U.S. early adulthood death rates exceed other industrialized nations: extreme obesity gun-control policies SES variations: poverty lack of universal health care environmental factors: pollution, crowding, stressors, lack of social support © Rommel Canlas/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Leading Causes of Death in Early Adulthood Figure 13.3 (Adapted from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011b.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Causes of Overweight and Obesity Heredity Ethnicity Declining physical activity Increase in calorie, sugar, and fat intake over last four decades Basal metabolic rate declines with age © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Consequences of Obesity Health problems: heart disease diabetes various forms of cancer early death Social discrimination: finding mates housing education, careers Mistreatment © pedalist/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Treating Obesity Lifestyle changes: diet exercise Record-keeping: food intake body weight © Flashon Studio/Shutterstock Social support Problem-solving skills Extended intervention Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Dietary Fat Saturated fat from meat and dairy plays a role in breast and colon cancer and in heart disease should account for 7% or less of daily calories Replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat from fish, vegetables Total fat should account for 30% or less of daily calories Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Exercise Over half of Americans are inactive: more women than men low SES: less safe neighborhoods less social support for exercising Recommendations: 30 minutes per day of moderately intense physical exercise increased intensity offers greater health protection Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Benefits of Exercise © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Reduces fat, builds muscle Boosts immune system, resistance to disease Cardiovascular benefits Mental health benefits: reduces anxiety, depression enhances cognitive functioning, well-being Longer life Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Substance Use in Early Adulthood Peaks at 19–25 years, then declines: up to 12% of men and 6% of women ages 19–25 are substance abusers cigarettes, alcohol are most common drugs: marijuana stimulants prescription drugs party drugs © Edyta Pawlowska/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Cigarette Smoking About 19% of U.S. adults smoke cigarettes: numbers slowly declining fewer college graduates; more college students, high school dropouts more men, but gender gap shrinking Deadly health risks Hard to quit: most treatment programs do not use effective strategies Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Alcohol Abuse in Early Adulthood 10% of men, 3% of women are heavy drinkers About one-third of heavy drinkers are alcoholics Genetic, cultural factors in alcoholism Causes mental, physical problems High costs to society Treatment is difficult: half © Kamira /Shutterstock relapse in a few months Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior Most have intercourse by age 25 Most sex in context of a relationship: 70% had only one partner in past year partners similar to each other Sex less frequent than media suggest: only one-third twice a week or more more often in twenties, declines with age Most satisfied with their sex lives; only a minority report sexual problems Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Homosexual Attitudes and Behavior Public acceptance growing: majority say it’s “OK,” support civil liberties, job opportunities Estimated 3.5% of U.S. population are homosexual or bisexual Sexual behavior similar to that of heterosexuals Tend to live in larger cities, college towns Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Factors Related to Sexual Coercion Perpetrator Characteristics Cultural Forces Manipulative, remorseless Men taught to be Approve of violence dominant, competitive Women taught to be submissive Acceptance of violence Dulled sensitivity due to media, pornography against women Accept rape myths Misinterpret social cues Childhood sexual abuse Sexual promiscuity Alcoholism Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sexual Coercion Physical injury STDs General ill health Rape: 18 percent of U.S. © Arlem Furman/Shutterstock women Perpetrators’ personal characteristics and cultural forces are predictive Immediate: shock, confusion, withdrawal Long-term: fatigue, depression, substance abuse, social anxiety, suicidal thoughts Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Preventing and Treating Rape and Abuse Community services: underfunded few for victimized men Routine screening Validation of experience Safety planning © Kenfotos/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Psychological Stress Related to social conditions traumatic experiences, life events daily hassles Caused or worsened by low SES Associated with overweight and obesity diabetes cardiovascular problems decreased immunity Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Cognitive Changes in Early Adulthood Piaget: postformal thought Perry: epistemic cognition Labouvie-Vief: pragmatic thought cognitive-affective complexity © wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Development of Epistemic Cognition Dualistic thinking Relativistic thinking Commitment within relativistic thinking Contributing factors: opportunities to tackle challenging ill-structured problems peer interaction metacognition Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Development of Pragmatic Thought Adulthood brings increased experience with real-world problems new ways of thinking that thrive on contradiction and compromise Increase in cognitive-affective complexity: greater awareness of one’s own and others’ perspectives improved emotion regulation Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Age-Related Changes in Cognitive-Affective Complexity Figure 13.4 (From G. Labouvie-Vief, 2003, “Dynamic Integration: Affect, Cognition, and the Self in Adulthood,” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, p. 203, copyright © 2003, Sage Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Expertise and Creativity Expertise: acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field takes many years enhances information processing Essential for creativity: move to problem finding 10-year rule rise in creative productivity in early adulthood requires multiple personal qualities Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk The College Experience Formative, influential “developmental testing ground” Exposure to new ideas, beliefs, and demands fosters diverse cognitive capacities: reasoning about ill-structured problems broader attitudes and values © Kzenon/Shutterstock Depends on participation in campus life Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Dropping Out of College U.S. dropout rates: 44% at two-year schools 32% at four-year schools Personal factors: preparation, motivation, skills financial problems, low SES Institutional factors: few support services © milosljubicic/Shutterstock Early support crucial Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Periods of Vocational Development Fantasy period Tentative period Realistic period: exploration crystallization © Goodluz/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Factors Influencing Vocational Choice Personality Family influences: parent–child vocational similarity Teachers Gender stereotypes: © michaeljung/Shutterstock gender-role conformity diminishing slowly Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.