Download Psych Final Review

Psych Final Review
Fall 2010
Units of Study
Unit 1: Intro to Psych
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Objectives:
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Define psychology
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Study of behaviors and mental processes
History of psychology
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Trephining- Elements/Humors- PhrenologyEnlightenment (anatomy)- Lab science (Wundt’s
structuralism and James’ functionalism)-
Major schools of psychology
 Why psych a science
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Scientific Method- Research Methods- Basic vs. Applied
Careers in psychology?
Modern Schools of Thought
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Psychoanalytic
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Sigmund Freud
Hidden conflict drives
behavior
Behaviorism
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John B. Watson
Observable behavior/
consequence
Cognitive
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Jean Piaget
Org, remember, use
knowledge
Humanistic
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(Neuro)Biological
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Maslow and Rogers
Hierarchy of needs guides
behavior
NS, Hormones, Genes
influence behavior
Sociocultural
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Behave according to rules
of society & culture
Psych As Science
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Basic- study to know more, Applied- use what we know
to solve problems
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Scientific Method
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Career paths in each (Clinical, School, Forensic, Dvpt, etc…)
Problem, Hypothesis, Research, Analyze, Theory, Retest
Research Methods
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Observation, Case study, Interview, Survey, Tests
Experimental Method: Variables, Groups, Bias, Blinds
Correlational Method
Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional, Cross-Sequential Research
Unit 2: Biological Basis
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Objectives:
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Techniques for studying the brain.
 Phrenology- Infamous Patients- Lesioning- Electrical
Activity (EEG)- Imaging (CAT, PET, MRI, fMRI)
Nervous System- neuron and neural communication.
 Types, Parts, Neurotransmitters, Reaction Time
 Neuroanatomy Diagram- CNS, PNS (and parts)
Function and location of parts of the brain.- Diagram
Function and location of lobes, hemispheres,cortexes.
Glandular System
 Endocrine vs. Exocrine System
 Function and location of major endocrine glands
Nervous System
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Brain Cells
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Glial Cells/ Neurons
Neurons
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Neuroanatomy
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Sensory, Motor, Interneuron
Body (soma)- Dendrites- Axon
(myelin sheath)- End BulbsSynapse
Communication
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Neurotransmitters
(excite/inhibit)
Reaction Time/
Discrimination
Central Nervous System
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Parts of Neuron
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Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
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Somatic and Autonomic
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Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic
Brain
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Right vs. Left Hemispheres
Lobes
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Frontal, Parietal, Temporal,
Occipital
Fissures, Motor/Sensory
Cortex
The Brain - Diagram
Unit 3: States of Consciousness
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Objectives:
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Define consciousness, id various states.
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Describe state of sleep
Explain theories on sleep
Explain theories on dreaming
Describe meditation and hypnosis.
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Awareness of self and environment
Conscious- Non-Con- Precon- Subcon- Uncon- Altered
Hypnosis: Deeply relaxed and highly suggestible (Characteristics?)
(Uses?)
Meditation: Controlled consciousness for tranquility
Identify types and effects of drugs and alcohol
Sleep and Dreams
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Theories
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Why Sleep? EvolutionaryRecuperative
Why at Night? Circadian
Stages of Sleep Cycle
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Awake- Drowsy- I- IIIII- IV- REM (V)
Different brain waves
Dream Theory
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Cultural, Psychoanalytic,
Activation-Synthesis,
Problem Solving
Sleep Disorders
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Parasomnia vs Dysomnia
Insomnia, Narcolepsy,
Snoring/Apnea,
Walking/Talking/
Wetting, Terrors
Unit 4: Developmental Psych
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Objectives:
Explain how study development
 Describe Piaget’s stages of intellectual growth
 Explain Freud’s theory on social dvpt
 Describe Erikson’s theory on identity formation
 Evaluate Kohlberg’s theory on moral dvpt
 Define and explain adolescence
 Explain identity according to James Marcia
 Differentiate between three stages of adulthood
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Lifespan Development
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Physical- Cognitive-Social
changes that take place birth to
death
Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional,
Cross-Sequential Studies
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Cognitive Dvpt
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Piaget
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Milestones
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Pds of Human Life Span
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Prenatal dvpt
Neonatal equipment
Etc
Critical Periods
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Language, Motor (Genie)
Schemas:
assimilate/accommodate
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
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Egocentric, no conservation
Concrete Operational
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Object permanence,
stranger anxiety
Conservation, reversible
thought, perspective
Formal Operational
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Abstract, Consequence,
morality, problem solve,
hypothesis
Lifespan Development
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Moral Dvpt
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Kohlberg’s Moral
Dilemmas
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PreconventionalConventional
Postconventional
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Social Dvpt
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Erikson- Psychosocial
Crises
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Social Dvpt
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Freud- Psychosexual
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Oral-Anal-Phallic-LatencyGenital (libido, fixation)
Defense Mechanisms
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Trust/Mistrust
Autonomy/Shame-Doubt
Initiative/Guilt
Industry/Inferiority
Identity/Confusion
Intimacy/Isolation
Generativity/Stagnation
Integrity/Despair
Lifespan Dvpt
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Adolescence
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Transition Pd
Biological, Cognitive
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Baumrind
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Authoritarian, Authoritative,
Permissive Indulgent,
Permissive Neglectful
Peer Groups & Identity
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Diffusion, Foreclosure,
Moratorium, Achieved
Clique, Crowd
Sex role, identity
Gender, Ethnicity & Identity
Adulthood
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Levinson
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Erikson
G. Stanley Hall (storm/stress)
Havighurst’s Tasks
Marcia & Identity
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Decremental Model of Aging
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Young-Middle-Late
Crisis & Transitions
Physical, Mental changes
Ageism
Death and Dying
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Kubler-Ross- Thanatologist
Awareness: Closed, Suspected,
Open
Stages: Denial, Anger,
Bargaining, Depression,
Acceptance
Unit 5: Personality
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Objectives
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Define personality
Describe personality assessments & uses
Compare & contrast the major theories of personality
(Personality results from…
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Psychoanalytic- unconscious motives and the importance of early childhood
experiences
Neo-Freudian – see above with slight modifications
Behavioral – interaction between the individual and the environment
Social-Cognitive – environmental conditions, cognitive factors, and behavior
Humanistic – inherent desire to reach our true potential.
Trait - consistent, long-lasting behaviors & feelings.
Personality Tests
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Personality
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Unique pattern of
thought, feeling, behavior
Humors – Phrenology –
Modern Theories
Assessments
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Objective (Self-Report):
MMPI-2, 16PF, NEO
Projective: Rorschach,
TAT
Test Reliability & Validity
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Uses
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Diagnose disorders
Hiring
Research
Personality Theories
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Psychoanalytic
 Freud’s Sexual/Aggressive Urges
 Id-Ego-Superego
 Fixation of Libido (Oral, Anal,
Phallic, Latent, Genital Stages)
 Defense Mechanisms
Neo-Freudian
 Jung –Collective Unconscious
(Archetypes)
 Horney – Security
 Adler – Inferiority Complex &
Birth Order
 Erikson – Socialization
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Behavioral
 Skinner – Behavior
reinforcement/punishment
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Social-Cognitive
 Bandura – observation
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Humanistic
 Maslow – Self-actualization
 Rogers – Self concept (real vs
ideal), Fully functioning - UPR
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Trait
 Cattell – 16 dimensions
 Big 5 - OCEAN
Unit 6: Sensation and Perception
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Objectives:
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Differentiate between the two
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Sensation is sensory info from environment, Perception is
how our brain interprets this info
Explain thresholds.
 List and describe the workings of the five basic
senses.
 Examine factors which play a role in perception.
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Sensation
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Senses
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Sight, smell, taste, touch,
hearing, kinesthetic, vestibular
Transduction- Energy
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Thresholds: Absolute,
Difference (JND- Weber’s
Law)
Signal Detection Theory
Sensory Adaptation
Frequency, Amplitude
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Vision, Hearing
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Parts of Eye, Ear…How they
function in vision, hearing
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Remaining senses- why have
them, how work, damaged?
Psychophysics
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Wavelengths
Perception
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Visual
Afterimages
 Perceptual Organization- Gestalt Laws
 Perceptual Constancy- Size, Color, Shape
 Perceptual Illusions- Examples
 Depth Perception- Binocular, Monocular, Motion
Cues
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Unit 7: Learning
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Objectives:
Describe components of classical conditioning.
 Describe components of operant conditioning.
 Describe social learning theory.
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Conditioning
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Classical
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Pavlov- Behaviors
NS- UCS- UCR- CS- CR
Principles of CC
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Acqui- Gen- DiscrimExtinc- Recov
Watson- Emotions
Baby Albert
Fixing
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Counter- DesensitizationFlooding
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Operant
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Skinner
Behavior/Consequence
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(+/-) Reinforcement –
Punishment- Omission
Training
Primary/Secondary
Reinforcers
Continuous/Partial
Reinforcement
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Ratio- Interval
Fixed-Variable
Shaping, Chaining
Learning cont…
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Seligman
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Feedback- Transfer- Practice
Learned Laziness/Helplessness
Observational Learning
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Bandura
Modeling/Social Learn
BoBo Doll
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Attention- RetentionImitation- Motivation
Vicarious LivingDisinhibition- Self-Efficacy
Unit 8: Memory
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Objectives:
Diagram and explain the memory pathway.
 Identify types of memories.
 Explain why we forget.
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Memory & Forgetting
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Information Processing
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Input-Central Processing-Output
Sensory Memory
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Forgetting
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Selective Attn- Feature
Extraction-
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STM
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Serial-Position Effect, Decay
Theory, Interference Theory,
Repression
Amnesia
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Chunking- Rehearsal- Encoding
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Psychogenic Fugue/Amnesia
Organic: Antero/Retro-grade
LTM
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Implicit/Explicit Memory
Types: Episodic- DeclarativeProcedural
Org: Hierarchy- SchemaSemantic Network
Retrieval: Recognition- RecallRelearning
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Improving Memory
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Mnemonic Devices
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Rhymes, Acronym, Imagery,
Pegword Method, Method of Loci
Mnemonists, Synesthesia, Eidetic
memory, Savants
Unit 9: Abnormal Psychology
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Objectives:
Define abnormal
 Explain medical model and DSM
 Differentiate between the 15 major DSM disorders
 Explain possible treatments and types of therapy
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Mental Illness
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Abnormal
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Deviation, Maladjustment,
Distress
Impairs daily functioning
Mental Illness
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Medical Model
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Diagnose symptoms- Treat
DSM-IV
Criticisms?
Legal Insanity
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Mood, Anxiety, Somatoform
Dissociative, Schizophrenia
Personality, Impulse Control
Others…
Treatment
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In-Out Patient
Biomedical (Surgery, Drugs)
Psychotherapies (Types)
Combined Therapy
Therapists & Counselors,
Settings
Perspectives of Disorders
Illness is the result of….
Can be treated by…
Psycho-analytic
Unconscious conflicts over aggressive &
sexual impulses.
Psychotherapy (“talking cure”)
Behavioral
Reinforcement of inappropriate or
extinction of appropriate behaviors.
Behavior Therapy:
Apply principles of learning to
change/modify behavior
Cognitive
Irrational or maladaptive thought processes
Cognitive Therapy:
Change thought processes
Psychosocial
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural
factors.
Medication, Behavioral , Cognitive
Therapies
Neurobiology
Genetic abnormalities in brain structure &
biochemistry.
Medication