Download document

Module 25: Human Needs
and Motivation
Karl Weatherly/Getty Images
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MODULE 25
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Self
Actualization
Esteem
Love and
Belongingness
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Maslow’s Hierarchy
MODULE 25

Self-actualization
– State of self-fulfillment
in which people realize
their highest potential in
their own unique way
Jules Frazier/Getty Images
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MODULE 25

The Motivation Behind
Hunger and Eating
Obesity
– Body weight that is
more than 20% above
the average weight for
a person of a given
height
PhotoDisc/Getty Images
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MODULE 25
Biological Factors in the
Regulation of Hunger
Hypothalamus
 Weight set point

– The particular level of weight
that the body strives to
maintain

Metabolism
– The rate at which food is
converted to energy and
expended by the body as
destined through heredity
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MODULE 25
Biological Factors in the
Regulation of Hunger
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MODULE 25

Social Factors in Eating
External social factors, based on
societal rules and conventions and on what
we have learned about appropriate eating
behavior

Associations of food with comfort and
consolation via classical and operant
conditioning

Escape from unpleasant thoughts

Settling point determined by a combination of our genetic
heritage and the nature of the environment in which we live
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Eating Disorders
MODULE 25

Anorexia nervosa
– A severe eating disorder in
which people may refuse to
eat, while denying that their
behavior and appearance
are unusual

Jack Star/PhotoLink/Getty Images
Bulimia
– A disorder in which a
person binges on large
quantities of food, and then
purges
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MODULE 25

The Need for
Achievement: Striving
for Success
Need for achievement
– A stable, learned characteristic in which
satisfaction is obtained by striving for and
attaining a level of excellence

Measuring achievement motivation
– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Needs
MODULE 25

Need for
affiliation
– An interest in
establishing
and
maintaining
relationships
with other
people

Doug Menuez/Getty Images
Need for power
– Tendency to seek
impact, control,
or influence over
others, and to be
seen as a
powerful
individual
PhotoLink/Getty Images
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MODULE 25
Understanding Human
Sexual Response: Basic
Biology
Androgens
– Male sex hormones secreted by
the testes
 Estrogen
– Female sex hormone
 Progesterone
– Female sex hormone
 Ovulation
– Greatest output of female sex
hormone when egg is released
from the ovaries

Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MODULE 25
Psychological
Aspects of Sexual
Excitement
Erogenous zones
– Areas of the body that have an unusually rich
array of nerve receptors that are particularly
sensitive not just to sexual touch, but to any kind
of touch
Erotica
– External stimuli which, through a process of
learning, have become sexually stimulating
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MODULE 25

Surveying Sexual
Behavior
Masturbation
– Sexual self-stimulation

Heterosexuality
– Sexual attraction and behavior directed
towards the opposite sex

Premarital sex
– Double standard
– Permissiveness with affection
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MODULE 25

Surveying Sexual
Behavior
Marital sex
– Extramarital sex

Homosexuals
– Persons who are sexually attracted to
members of their own sex

Bisexuals
– Persons who are sexually attracted to
people of the same and opposite sex
Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.