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Escape, Avoidance and Punishment Chapter 9 1 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Classes of Reinforcing and Punishing Stimuli Present Positive Increase Reinforcer Positive Reinforcer Decrease Punisher Positive Punisher Remove Negative Negative Reinforcer Negative Punisher 2 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Reinforcement and Punishment • All things being equal, most people will respond better to both immediate reinforcement and immediate punishment. • Most punishments in American society are given for behaviors that are immediately reinforcing, while the threat of the punishments for these deeds is delayed and uncertain. 3 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Reinforcement and Punishment • Punishment tends to be ineffective except for temporarily suppressing undesirable behavior. • Mild, logical and consistent punishment can be informative and helpful. 4 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Four Categories of Operant Conditioning 5 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Avoidance • Negative reinforcement – Escape – Avoidance 6 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Two-Process Theory of Avoidance • Classical Conditioning - fear • Operant Conditioning - reduction of fear • Evidence supporting two-factor theory – Second order conditioning • Problems with two-factor theory – Avoidance without fear or fear reduction • Extinction of Avoidance – Where is the extinction? 7 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. One-Factor Theory • Operant Conditioning Only • Sidman Avoidance – Free operant avoidance – Shock-Shock or S-S interval – Response-Shock or R-S interval 8 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. One-Factor Theory • Hernstein and Hineline Experiment – Shock frequency reduction 9 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Avoidance and Phobias • Passive avoidance • Classically conditioned fear response phobias • Avoidance learning phobic response • Phobias – Avoidance of CS – Single trial learning 10 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Avoidance and ObsessiveCompulsive Disorders • OCD- active avoidance • Exposure and response prevention 11 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Biological Constraints in Avoidance Learning • Bolles – Species-specific defense mechanisms SSDRs – Freezing, fleeing and fighting – Difficult for pigeons to learn key peck or rats a bar press 12 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Learned Helplessness • Seligman – Repeated exposure to (aversive) events that are unpredictable and uncontrollable can have debilitating effects. – Motivational, cognitive, emotional impairment – depression 13 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Punishment • Types of Punishment – Positive punishment – Negative punishment • Time-out • Response cost – removal of specific reinforcer 14 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Punishment • Intrinsic punishment – punishment inherent in aspect of behavior. • Extrinsic punishment – • Primary • Secondary – Generalized secondary punishers 15 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Punishment • Is punishment the opposite of reinforcement – The truncated Law of Effect – Temporary suppression • Suppression – Decrease in behavior that does not depend on the relationship between behavior and environmental events • Importance of Contingency 16 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Shock Maintained Responding • Is it reinforcement or punishment? 17 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Disadvantages of Punishment • • • • • • • • General Suppression Stimulus Control/ SD for punishment Can generate or induce avoidance or escape Elicit strong emotional effects Elicit aggression Requires continual monitoring Modeling effects Generate abusive behavior 18 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Effectiveness of Punishment • Azrin and Holz 1966 – – – – – – – Manner of introduction Immediacy of punishment Schedule of punishment Schedule of reinforcement Motivational variables Availability of other reinforcers Punisher as discriminative stimulus 19 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Theories of Punishment • Conditioned Suppression – punishment does not weaken behavior .. Produces emotional response interferes with behavior • Avoidance theory – punishment actually involves a type of avoidance conditioning avoidance response any other behavior. • Premack – low probability behavior can be used to punish high probability behavior. 20 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Noncontingent Punishment? • Learned helplessness • Experimental Neurosis 21 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.