Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Developmental Theories Overview (Chapter 1) Understanding the Life Span • Two Types of Development – – Individual Development Developmental Issues • Nature vs. Nurture • Stability vs. Change • Understanding the Life Span • Developmental Processes Are Split: – – – The Nature of Development • Biological Processes – • Cognitive Processes – • Socioemotional Processes – Understanding the Life Span • Development Also Split Into Periods: – Prenatal – – – Early Adulthood – Early Childhood – – – Late Adulthood • • Ecological Systems Approach – Stresses fluctuations and transitions – the dynamic synthesis of multiple levels of analysis – Relatively new – Understanding the Life Span • Characteristics of the Life Span Perspective – Lifelong – – Multidirectional – – Multidisciplinary – Multicultural – Development - Lifelong • Research on all phases of development • Upper limit of Human Lifespan is • Upper limit of Human Life Expectancy is Development - Multidimensional • A continual change of the individual – – Physically – – Emotionally Development - Multidirectional • Some abilities increase while others decrease – Ability to learn primary versus secondary languages – – Closeness of romantic relationship versus nonromantic relationships Development - Plastic • Developmental abilities do change over time • What developmental aspects are fixed, and which ones can be changed? Development - Multidisciplinary • Development is not only studied by psychologists – it is not only IMPORTANT to psychologists – – – Development - Multicultural • Culture changes over time / geographical location – – – Resistance of specific cultural norms – – – What developmental milestones are present in one culture, but not others? Development - Contextual • Development occurs within a given context • Contexts change over time – Normative Age – Graded Influence • – Normative History – Graded Influence • – Non - Normative Life Events • Theories of Development • Psychoanalytic Theories – Freud • • – Erikson • • Proposed 8 distinct stages of development Erikson’s Theory of Development • Divided into 8 stages: – Trust v Mistrust ( ) – Autonomy v Shame and Doubt ( – ) ( 3 yrs – 5 yrs) – Industry v Inferiority (6 yrs – onset of puberty) Erikson’s Theory of Development • • Intimacy v Isolation ( • ) (40’s, 50’s) • Integrity v Despair (60 +) Theories of Development • Cognitive Theories – – – Piaget’s Theory • Stage Theory – Sensorimotor Stage (infancy – 2 yrs) – Preoperational Stage ( – ) (7 yrs -11 yrs) – Formal Operational ( ) Vygotsky’s Theory • Development is fueled through social contact – Information Processing Theory • Development follows a gradual incline – Theories of Development • Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories – – B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning • Focused only on overt behavior – – • A. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory • Based developmental scheme on observational learning – Involves three components – • • • • Theories of Development • Epigenetic Theory –