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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Developmental Science The study of constancy and change throughout the lifespan © Blend Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk The Field of Developmental Science Scientific Applied Interdisciplinary © Irina Magrelo/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Basic Issues in Development Continuous or discontinuous? One course of development or many? Relative influence of nature and nurture? Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Basic Issues Nature vs. Nurture Nature Hereditary information Received from parents at conception Nurture Physical and social forces Influences biological and psychological development Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Stability and Plasticity Stability Plasticity Persistence of Development is individual open to lifelong differences change Lifelong patterns Change occurs established by based on influential early experiences experiences Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Lifespan Perspective Development is lifelong multidimensional and multidirectional highly plastic influenced by multiple, interacting forces © Intellistudies/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Periods of Development Prenatal Conception to birth Infancy and toddlerhood Birth–2 years Early childhood 2–6 years Middle childhood 6–11 years Adolescence 11–18 years Early adulthood 18–40 years Middle adulthood 40–65 years Late adulthood 65 years–death Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Major Domains of Development Figure 1.2 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Influences on Development Multiple, interacting forces: Age-graded History-graded Nonnormative © auremar/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Resilience Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development Factors in resilience: personal characteristics warm parental relationship social support outside family community resources and opportunities © iofoto/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Lifespan View of Development Figure 1.3 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Scientific Beginnings Darwin Theory of evolution Hall, Gesell Normative approach Binet Mental testing movement Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud and Erikson Emphasis on individual’s unique life history Conflicts between biological drives and social expectations © szefei/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality Id Ego Largest portion of the mind Source of biological needs/desires Conscious, rational part of personality Emerges in early infancy Redirects id impulses in acceptable ways The conscience Superego Develops from ages 3 to 6 through interactions with caregivers Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital © GWImages/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Basic trust vs. mistrust Birth–1 year Autonomy vs. shame/doubt 1–3 years Initiative vs. guilt 3–6 years Industry vs. inferiority 6–11 years Identity vs. role confusion Adolescence Intimacy vs. isolation Early adulthood Generativity vs. stagnation Middle adulthood Integrity vs. despair Late adulthood Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory Classical conditioning Stimulus–response Operant conditioning Reinforcers and punishments Social learning theory Social-cognitive approach Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory Contributions: behavior modification modeling, observational learning Limitations: narrow view of environmental influences underestimates individual’s active role Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Piaget’s CognitiveDevelopmental Theory Children actively construct knowledge by manipulating and exploring their world. Mental structures adapt to better fit with environment. Development moves through four broad stages. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Piaget’s Stages Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational © Odua Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Information Processing View of the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system Development as a continuous process Use of rigorous research methods Little insight into creativity or imagination Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Relationship of brain changes to cognitive processing and behavior patterns Brings together researchers from psychology biology neuroscience medicine Practical applications Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Ethology Adaptive value and evolutionary history of behavior Acquisition of adaptive behaviors: critical period sensitive period © Nick Biemans/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Evolutionary Developmental Psychology Adaptive value of cognitive emotional social competencies as they change with age Person–environment system throughout the lifespan Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Transmission to the next generation of a culture’s values beliefs customs skills Cooperative dialogues between children and more expert members of society © Andresr/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Ecological Systems Theory Figure 1.5 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Ecological Systems Theory Layers of the environment: © Zurijeta/Shutterstock microsystem mesosystem exosystem macrosystem Chronosystem: temporal dimension Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Common Research Methods Systematic observation: Naturalistic observation Structured observation Self-reports: Clinical interview Structured interview, questionnaires, tests Clinical, or case study, method Ethnography Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Systematic Observation Naturalistic Observation Structured Observation Observation of behavior in natural contexts Reflects participants’ everyday lives Observation of behavior in laboratory Gives all participants opportunity to display behavior Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Self-Reports Clinical Interview Structured Interview Conversational style Probes for participant’s viewpoint Provides large amount of information in brief period All participants are asked the same questions in the same way Permits comparisons and efficient data collection Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Clinical/Case Study Method Full picture of individual’s psychological functioning Combines information from interviews observations test scores Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Ethnography Participant observation of culture or social group Rich, descriptive insights Does not permit generalization from findings © skyfish/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk General Research Designs Correlational Experimental Reveals relationships between participants’ characteristics and behavior Does not permit cause-and-effect inferences Participants randomly assigned to treatment conditions Detects cause-andeffect relationships Findings may not apply in real-world conditions Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Experimental Design Independent Variable Dependent Variable Manipulated by experimenter Expected to cause changes in another variable Measured, but not manipulated, by experimenter Expected to be influenced by independent variable Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Random Assignment Unbiased procedure used to assign participants to treatment conditions Increases chances that characteristics will be equally distributed across conditions © iofoto/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Modified Experiments Field Experiment Conducted in natural settings Capitalizes on existing opportunities for random assignment Natural/QuasiExperiment Compares existing differences in treatment Participant groups matched as much as possible Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Developmental Research Designs Longitudinal Same group studied at different times Cross-sectional Different groups studied at the same time Sequential Compares similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (sequences) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Rights of Research Participants Protection from harm Informed consent Privacy Knowledge of results Beneficial treatments © Goodluz/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.