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Abnormal Psychology, Twelfth Edition
by
Ann M. Kring,
Sheri L. Johnson,
Gerald C. Davison,
& John M. Neale
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Chapter
1: Introduction and Historical
Review
I. Introduction to the Study of Mental Disorders
II. History of Psychopathology
III. The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
IV. The Mental Health Professions
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Study
of the nature, development, and
treatment of psychological disorders
 Challenges
to the study of psychopathology:
• Maintain objectivity
• Avoid preconceived notions
• Reduce stigma
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Personal
Distress
• Emotional pain and suffering
 Helplessness and hopelessness of depression
 Disability
• Impairment in a key area (e.g., work, relationships)
 Chronic substance abuse results in job loss
 Violation
of Social Norms
• Makes others uncomfortable or causes problems
 Antisocial behavior of the psychopath
 Dysfunction
• Wakefield's Harmful Dysfunction: failure of internal
mechanisms in the mind to function properly
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Early Demonology
• Possession by evil beings or spirits
 Exorcism
 Early Biological Explanations
• Hippocrates (5th century BC)
 Mental disturbances have natural (not supernatural)
causes (problems with the brain)
 Three categories of mental disorders: mania, melancholia, &
phrenitis (brain fever)
 Normal brain functioning depended on balance of four humors:
blood, black bile, yellow bile, & phlegm
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Dark Ages (2nd century AD)
• Monks cared and prayed for mentally ill
 Witches (13th century AD)
• Torture sometimes led to bizarre delusional
sounding confessions, e.g., concourse with demons.
 Initially, historians concluded many of the accused were
mentally ill.
 Further research found little support for this conclusion.
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 Lunacy Trials
• Trials held to determine sanity
 Began in 13th century England
• Municipal authorities assumed responsibility for
care of mentally ill
• Lunacy attributes insanity to misalignment of moon
(“luna”) and stars
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 Asylums
(15th century AD)
• Establishments for the confinement and care of
mentally ill
• Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem (founded in 1243)
 One of the first mental institutions
 The wealthy paid to gape at the insane
 Origin of the term bedlam (wild uproar or confusion)
• Treatment non-existent or harmful at asylums
 Benjamin Rush recommended drawing copious amounts
of blood, to relieve brain pressure
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 Philippe
Pinel (1745-1826)
• Pioneered humanitarian treatment at LaBicetre
 Moral Treatment
• Small, privately funded, humanitarian mental
hospitals
 Friends Asylum (1817)
 Patients engaged in purposeful, calming activities (e.g.,
gardening)
 Talked with attendants
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 Dorothea
Dix (1802-1887)
• Crusader for prisoners and mentally ill
• Urged improvement of institutions
• Worked to establish 32 new, public hospitals
• Unfortunately, small staffs at these new public
hospitals could not provide necessary individual
attention
• Hospitals administered by physicians, who were
more interested in biological rather than
psychological aspects of mental illness
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 General
paresis and Syphilis
• Degenerative disorder with psychological symptoms
(delusions of grandeur) and physical symptoms
(progressive paralysis)
• By mid-1800’s, it was known that general paresis and
syphilis occurred together in some patients
• In 1905, biological cause of syphilis found
• Since general paresis had biological cause, other mental
illness might also
 Biological causes of psychopathology gained credibility
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Galton’s
(1822-1911) work lead to notion that mental
illness can be inherited
• Nature (genetics) and nurture (environment)
• Eugenics
 Promotion of enforced sterilization to eliminate undesirable
characteristics from the population
 Many state laws required mentally ill to be sterilized
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Insulin-coma
therapy
• Sakel (1930’s)
 Electroconvulsive Therapy
(ECT)
• Cerletti and Bini (1938)
• Induce epileptic seizures with electric shock
 Prefrontal
lobotomy
• Moniz (1935)
• Often used to control violent behaviors; led to
listlessness, apathy, and loss of cognitive abilities
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 Mesmer (1734-1815)
• Treated patients with hysteria using “animal
magnetism”
• Early practitioner of hypnosis
 Charcot (1825-1893)
• His support legitimizes hypnosis as treatment for
hysteria
 Breuer (1842-1925)
• Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis in Anna O.
• Cathartic Method
 Release of emotional tension triggered by reliving and talking
about event
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 Breuer
and Freud (1856-1939) jointly
publish, “Studies in Hysteria” in 1895,
which serves as the basis for Freud’s
theory.
 Freudian or Psychoanalytic theory
• Human behavior determined by unconscious
forces.
• Psychopathology results from conflicts among
these unconscious forces.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Id
• Unconscious
• Pleasure principle
 Immediate gratification
• Libido
 Energy of ID

Ego
• Primarily conscious
• Reality principle
 Attempt to satisfy ID’s demands within reality’s constraints

Superego
• The conscience
• Develops as we incorporate parental and society values
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Id, Ego, & Superego continually in conflict
• Conflict generates anxiety
• Ego generates strategies to protect itself from anxiety
 Defense mechanisms
 Psychological maneuvers used to manage stress & anxiety
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Goals
of Psychoanalytic Therapy or
Psychoanalysis
• Understand early-childhood experiences,
particularly key (parental) relationships
• Understand patterns in current relationships
 Psychoanalytic Techniques
• Free Association
• Analysis of Transference
• Interpretation
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Jung
(1875-1961)
• Analytical psychology
• Collective unconscious
 Archetypes
• Catalogued personality characteristics
 Extraversion vs. Introversion
 Adler
(1870-1937)
• Individual psychology
 Fulfillment derived from working for the social good
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Childhood
experiences help shape adult
personality
 There are unconscious influences on
behavior
 There are unconscious influences on
behavior
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 John Watson
(1878-1958)
 Behaviorism
• Focus on observable behavior
• Emphasis on learning rather than thinking or
innate tendencies
 Three
types of learning:
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Modeling
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 Discovered
by Pavlov (1849-1936)
• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
•
•
•
•
•
 Meat powder (automatically elicits salivation)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
 Salivation (automatic response to meat powder)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
 Initial ringing of bell (does not automatically elicit salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
 After pairing the NS and the UCS, the NS becomes a CS (bell
now automatically elicits salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
 Salivation (automatic response to bell)
Extinction
 CS (bell) not followed by UCS (meat powder) causes gradual
disappearance of CR (salivation)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

E. Thorndike (1874-1949)
• Learning through consequences
• Law of Effect
 Behavior that is followed by satisfying consequences will be repeated;
behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences will be
discouraged

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• Principle of Reinforcement
 Positive reinforcement
 Behaviors followed by pleasant stimuli are strengthened
 Negative reinforcement
 Behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Learning
by watching and imitating others’
behaviors
• Can occur without reinforcement
 Bandura
& Menlove (1968)
• Modeling reduced children’s fear of dogs
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 Behavior Therapy
or Behavior Modification
• Systematic Desensitization
 Used to treat phobias and anxiety
 Combines deep muscle relaxation and gradual
exposure to the feared condition or object
 Starts with minimal anxiety producing condition and
gradually progresses to most feared
• Intermittent Reinforcement
 Rewarding a behavior only occasionally more effective
than continuous schedules of reinforcement
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Limitations
of Behavior Therapy
• How we think or appraise a situation influences our
feelings and behaviors
 Cognitive Therapy
• Emphasize how people think about themselves and
their experiences can be a major determinant of
psychopathology
• Focus on understanding maladaptive thoughts
• Change cognitions to change feelings and behaviors
 Ellis
(1913-2007)
• REBT (Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychologists
• Clinical or Counseling
• Ph. D. or Psy. D.

Psychiatrists
• M.D.’s can prescribe psychotropic medications

Psychiatric Nurses and Psychiatric Nurses Practitioners
• Nurse Practitioners can prescribe psychotropic medications

Social Workers
• M.S.W.
• Not trained in psychological assessment

Master’s Level Therapists & Counselors
• MFT’s (Marriage and Family Therapists)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, New York,
NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material
protected by this copyright may be reproduced or
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© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.