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The Amazing Aztecs Who were the Aztecs? • The Aztecs were rich and powerful people from the valley of Mexico. • They were farmers, warriors, traders, engineers, artists and sculptures. • They originally lived in the desert lands of northern Mexico. • Huitzilopochtli, one of the gods of the Aztecs commanded the people to travel south and to look for an eagle perched on a cactus. This is where they should settle and build a great city. Settling Down • In 1325 the Aztecs arrived in the Valley of Mexico. It was a wide plain with rich soil, lots of water and a mild climate. Main thousands of people already lived there in large cities. • The only unoccupied land was a swampy island in Lake Texoco. They saw the eagle and called their home Tenochtitlan. • They transformed the island into a great city. The Physical Landscape • Mountains were more than a physical landscape. • The Aztecs saw a mountain as a sacred site that brought people physically closer to the Gods. • Temples that Aztecs build were pyramids in the shape of mountains. • The mountains surrounded Tenochtitlan gave the Aztecs a sense of security – they protected the city from attack by invaders. • Steep mountains caused flash floods from rainstorms in low areas. Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan The Physical Landscape • In 1500, Aztec engineers built an earthen dam across the lake to the east of the city. This helped control the water levels. • The mountains kept out the clouds which often brought rain. • The Aztecs built aqueducts to ensure they had water – even in times of drought. Earthen Dam Then they built causeways and bridges to connect the city to the mainland. Aztec Aqueducts Aztec Aqueducts • The water of the lake was too salty to drink. • The solution was to bring in freshwater from the springs that flowed on the mainland. • An aqueduct was built from the mainland. It was five kilometres long and 1.5 metres wide An Island Home • Lake Texcoco surrounded Tenochtitlan and provided safety from enemies. • The Aztecs built three causeways linking the island to the mainland. Bridges that connected the causeways could be destroyed to protect the city from invaders. • The Aztecs grew from a few thousand into several hundred thousand people. • They became amazing plant cultivators who grew more than enough food to support the growing population and the Aztec army. Chinampa • The Aztecs made the swampy, shallow lake into chinampas (floating islands). • They drove stakes into the lakebed in a rectangular shape. • The builders then laid reed mats with stakes and piled soil on top. • They repeated the process until they had made a thick sandwich of mud and mats rising above the water’s surface. Chinampa • In order to prevent the roots from being waterlogged, the chinampa plot was above the lake level. • A narrow canal for the passage of canoes would be left in between these two chinampa plots. • To further stabilise these plots of land, willows were planted around the perimeter. • As for fertilisers, the Aztecs used human excrement collected in canoes from the city of Tenochtitlan. Chinampa • Once the chinampa was in place, farmers planted vegetables, flowers and medicinal herbs. • Each chinampa had to be small and productive because they had no beasts of burden or plows. • All labour was done by hand using simple tools. • Farmers used canoes to travel to their crops. Changing the Geography • The chinampa they built enlarged the original island on which Tenochtitlan was situated. • There was a series of five lakes. • There was no river for water to flow out of the lakes. • The lakes had become salty due to water evaporation. The Sacred Landscape • The Aztecs believed that their gods controlled every thing in their world. • Some of their gods were more important than others. • They looked to their gods for signs on how to live. • The Aztecs kept large libraries of codices (books) in which they recorded information about their society. • Codices only contained images not an alphabet. • The Spanish destroyed almost all of the Aztec codices. Aztec Codex The Aztec Calendar • The Aztec calendar showed the close connection between the gods and human beings. • The Aztecs had two calendars: a sacred calendar and a solar calendar. • The sacred calendar was 260 days long. • It took the sacred calendar 52 years to catch up with the solar calendar. • The great stone calendar was dedicated to Huitzilopochtili and it shows how the world began and how it will end. The Aztec Calendar • The Aztecs believed that there had been four eras before the present one and each had been destroyed. • According to legends, the first era was destroyed by jaguars, the second by hurricanes, the third by fiery rain and the fourth by a flood. • Legend states that the fifth era will be destroyed by earthquakes. The Aztec Calendar Human Sacrifice • The Aztecs believed that their gods had to be fed with human hearts and blood. This was nourishment. • Killing another person as a sacrifice was the strongest expression of their devotion to the gods. • Without the victim’s blood the god would grow sick and die. • If the gods were not fed, the Aztecs believed that the world would end. Human Sacrifice • War was important to the Aztecs because they could capture new victims for sacrifice. • The “New Fire” ceremony took place every 52 years. The people waited on the roof tops to see the sacred flame lighting. • A courier carried the flame from house to house to relight the flame. The Centre of the World • The Aztecs believed the Earth was a round, flat disc divided into four sections. In the middle, where the sections meet (like pieces of pie) was Tenochtitlan. • They believed that the gods had assigned them a special location in the universe. • The city was divided into four sections – the four directions. • In the middle was a large square where temples and the Great Temple at the very centre. • Tenochtitlan was a model of the world. The Centre of the World • The Aztecs believed that gods lived in the sky and other places. • Aztec priests sometimes built temples on mountaintops where the physical and spiritual worlds met. • As city-dwelling people, the Aztecs created sacred places inside their cities. • Most were built in a pyramid shape to represent a sacred mountain. Expanding Through Trade • The Aztecs formed trading and defensive partners with the people around them • The Aztecs were both: traders and warriors. • The city was high in the mountains. The Aztecs could not produce tropical fruits (avocados, papayas, and cacao) which grew in the rainforests on the coasts. • Tropical birds (with brightly coloured feathers) did not grow well in the city. • The cities did not deposits of gold or silver. • They traded with others to get the goods they needed or wanted. Expanding Through Trade • They had to trade with other cultures. • Aztec merchants took hundreds of slaves to carry the goods they bought on trading expeditions. • They were often gone for months to trade for goods in remote areas of the empire. • The merchants acted as spies for the army. They drew maps to show which cities were strong and which were easy to conquer. • The maps and reports help Aztec leaders to expand the empire. Expanding Through War • The Aztecs believed that their society was more important than the individuals within it. • Every Aztec was prepared to sacrifice his/her own life for the good of the group. • New born babies were given bows and arrows and children were brought up to fight. • The law required every young man to serve in the army. Expanding Through War • The worst Aztec insult was to call someone a coward. • When boys were 18, they took place in their first battle. • Once they had captured their first prisoner, they became a warrior. • The main weapon for the Aztec soldier was a war club made from a heavy wood (like mahogany) and edged with blades of obsidian. What is Tribute? • No, it is not the Hunger Games! • Once the Aztecs conquered another group, they began to collect tribute, or valuable gifts and taxes from the conquered group. • They kept careful records of the tribute they collected. • They collected cotton blankets, feathered headdresses, shields, strings of jade beads, and cocoa beans. • Cocoa beans were important because they made a special drink from them including hot chilli peppers and cornmeal. Cocoa beans were used for currency. • They believed the drink gave them wisdom and power. Aztec Gods • • • • • • • • • • • • Chalchiuhtlicue – goddess of the lakes and streams Chantico – goddess of the hearth Chicomecoatl – goddess of maize Coatlicue – goddess for the pain of life Huehuetectim - god of fire Huitzilopochtli – god of war, sun and the nation Mictlantecuhtl – god of the dead Quetzalcoatl - god of knowledge, creation, priesthood, and wind Tezcatlipoca – god of magic, war and death Tezcatlipoca – god of speech and language Tlaloc – god of rain Tloque Nahuaque - Lord of everywhere, the one supreme force, bothmale and female • Xipe Totec – god of spring and new life, god of suffering • Xochipilli - prince of flowers, god of dawn, dance and love