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Day 16 Warm-Up Quiz • 1. Why event prompted the South secede? • 2. Where did the Civil War begin? • 3. What incident in the Senate reinforced sectional differences between the North and South? • 4. Who was the first (and only) president of the Confederacy? • 5. What did Abraham Lincoln think about secession? Countdown to Civil War Bleeding Kansas • Pro and anti-slave militias fight for control – Fraudulent election in Kansas results in proslave government – Anti-slave forces form their own government • Pro-slave mob ransacks anti-slave town of Lawrence • Fanatic abolitionist John Brown responds with Pottawatomie massacre – Brown & his supporters drag five men from their houses & hack them to death in front of their screaming families • By end of 1856 about 200 settlers dead on both sides Meanwhile, far away from the fighting, in the peaceful Senate • Republican Senator Charles Sumner delivers inflammatory speech about Kansas – Says pro-slavery forces were “hirelings picked from the drunken spew and vomit of an uneasy civilization.” – Also implies that SC senator Andrew Butler sleeps with his slaves (and makes fun of his speech impediment). – Sumner’s rudeness might have backfired except…. • Butler’s kinsman Preston Brooks took offense • Preston Brooks beats Charles Sumner with a cane – Keeps beating him after he’s unconscious – Breaks his cane • Northerners are horrified – Ralph Waldo Emerson: “I do not see how a barbarous community and a civilized community can constitute one state. We must either get rid of slavery, or get rid of freedom.” • Southerners send Brooks new canes – Richmond paper says “These vulgar abolitionists in the Senate…must be lashed into submission” • Both sides are appalled at the other…North and South seem like two different civilizations • 1856 election -- now it is impossible to avoid the slave question, but the Democrats still hold their party together Dred Scott v. Sanford • Dred Scott was a slave who was taken into free territory for a time, then back to the South • When his master died Scott sued for his freedom – (free territory = freedom) • The case was appealed to the Supreme Court • Supreme Court rules against Scott 1. Scott can’t sue because blacks aren’t citizens • “they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.” 2. Also says that free territories can’t deprive citizens of property • declares the Missouri Compromise & popular sovereignty unconstitutional – Scott was freed by Missouri owners; worked as porter for 9 months before dying of tuberculosis Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Abraham Lincoln challenges Stephen Douglas for his Senate seat in 1858 – Lincoln gets his name in papers for the 1st time • Series of debates in 1858 – how to reconcile popular sovereignty w/Dred Scott decision – Douglas’ “Freeport Doctrine”: Don’t enforce slave law – Lincoln says slavery is a moral, not political issue John Brown • In 1859 fanatical abolitionist John Brown & his followers try to seize federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA • They want to get guns & start a slave revolt – probably should have informed local slaves first – Slaves don’t arrive, but militia do – Brown’s men are surrounded in the local engine house with 11 hostages. • U.S. Marines (under command of Robert E. Lee) arrive from Washington D.C. • John Brown is captured, charged with treason, and hanged • He became a martyr in the North – Emerson compares him to Jesus • The South was terrified – It’s one thing for slaves to revolt on their own; but if Northerners are helping them…. • The South believes Republicans want a slave revolt 1860 election • Democratic party finally splits over slavery • Lincoln is nominated as the Republican candidate – Platform calls for stopping the expansion of slavery • After Lincoln wins the South starts to secede – South Carolina secedes first in Dec 1860; six other states follow before inauguration The Confederate States of America • Jefferson Davis is elected president of CSA • Constitution of CSA gives more power to the states and allows slavery • President Buchanan decides to leave the issue to his successor • CSA starts to seize federal forts & arsenals…. Lincoln’s Inauguration • Lincoln says secession is not legal – Constitution = will of the people, not will of the states, so states cannot secede – “The Union of these states is perpetual” • Also says that he will not interfere with slavery where it exists. • “We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory…will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.” Meanwhile in Charleston… • Ft. Sumter is still occupied by federal troops & won’t give up – Neither side wants to fire the first shot. – Lincoln decides to reinforce Sumter w/food (not weapons) – Davis has a dilemma – leave fort (& look weak) or start a war April 12, 1861 – Civil War begins when Confederacy fires on Ft. Sumter