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Reconstruction 1865-1877 The United States - 1861 1. Problems of Peace April 1865 – The war is over The Union wins and now begins the struggle for peace and healing Four main questions now sit before the country: 1) How would the South be rebuilt? 2) How would the liberated slaves transition to free men and women? 3 ) How would the South be readmitted into the Union? 4) Who would lead the process of Reconstruction? The United States - 1865 2. The Freed Slaves Immediately after the Civil War, the Republican dominated Congress passed the Freedmen’s Bureau under General Oliver O. Howard The Freedmen’s Bureau provided basic services, education, and confiscated Southern land to newly freed slaves Former slaves were supposed to be given 40 acres and a mule Education was the most important freedom to the new freedmen. The promise of 40 acres and a mule didn’t happen much due to corrupt Bureau workers and white Southerners making deals. The Freedmen’s Bureau taught an estimated 200,000 African-Americans to read Many Southern whites resented the Bureau; eventual president Andrew Johnson would try to defeat it It would expire in 1872 The Freedmen’s Bureau = African American Education 3. Johnson vs. Congress Lincoln’s assassination was a curse on Reconstruction Enter the new president – Andrew Johnson From Tennessee Former slaveowner Had white-supremacist views similar to many Southerners He stayed with the Union because he didn’t believe in secession, but he did believe in slavery Johnson was not fit ideologically or temperamentally to lead the United States through Reconstruction He did, however, agree with Lincoln that the South should be offered easy terms when coming back into the Union 3a. Johnson vs. Congress One of Johnson’s first orders of business is a issuing a proclamation concerning the readmission of the South They had to Renounce secession and declare allegiance to the United States Deny Confederate debts Ratify the 13th amendment that outlawed slavery This is known as PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION The South remained rebellious in other ways Southern states ratified the 13th amendment, but then passed the infamous Black Codes that segregated blacks and whites and severely discriminated against blacks. 3b. Johnson vs. Congress Congress was infuriated that Johnson would be so easy on the rebellious Southern states They wanted the South to be punished Congress passes a Civil Rights Bill, which Johnson ridiculously tries to veto (it is overridden); this bill required the Southern states to ratify yet another amendment, the 14th, which gave full citizenship to former slaves Voting rights would also be given under the 15th amendent 13, 14, 15 Amendments are known as the CIVIL WAR amendments 3b. Johnson vs. Congress Congress, as we talked about earlier was dominated by Republicans They came to be known as “Radical Republicans”, because of their radical views at the time on African American freedom and equality They were led by Charles Sumner from Massachusetts and Thaddeus Stevens from Pennsylvania Sumner was a senator, Stevens a House representative They were at odds with President Johnson and led what historians call CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION, or “RADICAL” RECONSTRUCTION Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner President Andrew Johnson Quote “The whole fabric of Southern society must be changed….The Southern states have been despotisms, not governments of the people…..If the South is ever to be made a safe republic, let her lands be cultivated by the toil of the owners or the free labor of intelligent citizens. This must be done even though it drives her nobility into exile. If they go, all the better…” --Thaddeus Stevens 4. Military Reconstruction By 1867; the Radical Republican dominated Congress was in control of Reconstruction Johnson’s weak leadership and inability to gain popularity with the American people almost always helped the cause of the Radicals Johnson was also waaaaay to nice to the South, especially Southern leaders who had no intentions of granting equality to African-Americans Race riots and unrest plagued several Southern cities 1867 – Congress passes the Reconstruction Act The South is divided into 5 military districts in 1867 and then occupied by Federal troops to ensure the South obeys the law This was also to ensure that African-Americans got to vote according to the 15th amendment 4. Military Reconstruction B. The purpose of this was to give the South a strong Republican voting base to support Radical Republican legislation and to keep the South from going to back to its old ways. C. Redeemers were all-white governments established by the radicals to make sure the changes stayed after the troops left. D. Women reformers were upset because the word “male” was used in the amendment; deliberately leaving out women again E. 1) Scalawags were Southerners who pledged loyalty to the Union 2) Carpetbaggers were Northerners who came to the South after the war to make money F. State governments did it through Jim Crow laws. The KKK used threats, beatings, and murder 5. Impeachment of Johnson A. 1) Charges - Johnson was charged with violating the Tenure of Office Act when he fired a Radical Republican, Edwin Stanton, from Secretary of War 2) Evaluation – Johnson escaped conviction by 1 vote. Outside Info for Secession DBQ Fugitive Slave Law Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1854 Bleeding Kansas John Brown’s Raid – 1859 Dred Scott decision (Dred Scott v. Sanford) Frederick Douglass – escaped slave – from Maryland Uncle Tom’s Cabin Lincoln’s election - 1860 Sub-Points Slavery – slavery in the Const.; the Fugitive Slave Law; popular sovereignty Paragraph – dox that are supportive of the Union; Paragraph - dox that are supportive of states’ rights VALIDATION OF THE STATEMENT IN THE QUESTION