Download 01) US History from 1607-1865

US History from
1607-1865
From the Colonial Period to the
end of the Civil War EOCT Review
Griffin High School
Colonial Period

Standards 1-3
Virginia




Jamestown, Virginia was
founded in 1607
First permanent English
settlement in North America
A corporate colony, founded
by the Virginia Company
Investors hoped to make a
profit from the colony
Powhatan Indians



Hostile to new settlers
Attacked Jamestown
John Smith was able to negotiate with
them for food
Success of the Virginia
Colony



Tobacco became the most profitable cash
crop
Headright System allowed families to
move in and own land
House of Burgesses allowed selfgovernment
Virginia’s House of
Burgesses


Virginia’s colonial legislature
Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion because
the legislature failed to protect settlers
from hostile Indians
First Africans in Virginia




In 1619 a Dutch slave ship arrived in the
colony
The Africans on board (who were destined to be
traded as slaves in the West Indies), were
traded for supplies in Virginia
The Virginia colony treated the Africans as
indentured servants, not slaves
All of them eventually gained their freedom
before slavery was introduced in Virginia
Sample Question
One reason the colony of Virginia succeeded
was the
a. profitable tobacco crop
b. leadership of John Smith
c.
management of the Virginia Company
d. relationship with the Powhatan Indians
Answer:

A: the profitable tobacco crop
New England




Originally settled by EnglishSeparatists, who had broken away from
the Anglican Church
They were being persecuted
They were called “Pilgrims”
They sailed on the Mayflower from
England to America
Massachusetts Bay
Colony



Settled by English Puritans - who also
disagreed with the Anglican Church
They were persecuted in Great Britain
They established their “City Upon A Hill”,
what is now Massachusetts
Puritans vs. Native
Americans

King Philip’s War




Chief of the Wampanoags (Metacom/”King Philip”)
led an attack on the Puritans in response to their
laws that restricted the Indians
It was a very brutal and destructive war
Food shortages, disease, and casualties kept the
Indians from fighting
Metacom was killed and the Indian resistance
ended
Tension in New England


Roger Williams challenged forced
religion on the citizens of Massachusetts
He was exiled and eventually founded
the colony of Rhode Island

Separation of church and state
established here
Halfway Covenant

Allowed partial membership in the
church until they experienced a true
religious conversion
Salem, Massachusetts


Location of Salem Witch Trials
Religious fanaticism / paranoia leads to
false convictions and actual executions
Massachusetts Bay Loses
Its Charter



Puritans refused to obey English law
In 1684, King Charles II revoked the
colony’s charter
Massachusetts became a royal colony,
under strict control of the king
Sample Question
Which factor directly affected the settlement
of New England in the 1600s?
A. Religious persecution in Great Britain
B. The opportunity to cultivate tobacco
C. Growing conflict with the southern
farmers
D. The chance to participate in the slave
trade
Answer:

A: religious persecution in Great Britain
Middle Colonies
New Netherland to New
York

Originally claimed and settled by the
Netherlands


Diverse Population (settlers were allowed from all
over Europe)
James, Duke of York and brother of King Charles
II of England, sent a fleet of ships to take the
colony away from the Dutch


It was accomplished without firing a single shot
It became the English colony of New York
Middle Colonies:
Pennsylvania



William Penn: founded
Quakers were first settlers
Penn’s “Holy Experiment”: allowed
freedom of religion
Sample Question
The original settlers of the Mid-Atlantic
colonies were
a. Pilgrims
b. Quakers
c.
Puritans
d. Dutch
Correct Answer:

D: Dutch
Mercantilism


Economic theory that states that the
colonies exist solely for the benefit and
profit of the “mother country”
In this case, England
African Colonial
Population



As employment opportunities increased in
England, fewer indentured servants came to
America
Trans-Atlantic trade included stops along the
African coast to trade manufactured goods for
slaves
The Trans-Atlantic trade brought slaves to the
colonies
African Culture

In areas where slave population was
heaviest, they were able to preserve much
of their African heritage



Music
Folktales
Religious rituals
Colonial Society and
Culture

Benjamin Franklin



Born into a poor family
Educated himself
Became a successful inventor, printer,
publisher, writer, statesman, and
diplomat
Great Awakening



Series of religious revivals that challenged
traditional religious authority
Embodied in the famous sermon by
Jonathan Edwards
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry
God”
Sample Question:



Rum
Slaves
Manufactured goods
The items listed above were part of the
a.
Products produced in the New England colonies
b.
Products traded to England from the American colonies
c.
Items traded along the transatlantic trade
d.
Items England provided to its American colonies
Correct Answer:

C: items traded along the transatlantic
trade
Results of French &
Indian War and Causes of
the American Revolution


In the Treaty of Paris of 1763, Britain won
control of North America; France lost most of
its North American possessions
In its attempt to govern a larger colonial
empire, Parliament passed a series of laws to
control the colonists


Proclamation of 1763 forbade settlement west of
Appalachian Mountains to protect colonists
from hostile Indians
Stamp Act placed direct taxes on printed
materials to pay for war debt
Colonial Reactions




No taxation without representation – colonists believed only
their colonial legislatures could tax them, not Parliament
In response to the Stamp Act, the Sons of Liberty terrorized
stamp agents
In response to the Boston Massacre, each colony formed a
committee of correspondence to communicate with other
colonies
In response to the Tea Act, THE BOSTON TEA PARTY
Intolerable Acts


In response to the Boston Tea Party,
Parliament passed the Coercive Acts, also
known as the Intolerable Acts, a series
of laws to punish the colony of
Massachusetts
The Daughters of Liberty led boycotts of
English goods, especially tea
Sample Question:

a.
b.
c.
d.
Which event was NOT a direct result of
the French and Indian War?
Proclamation of 1763
Stamp Act
Treaty of Paris of 1763
Tea Act
Correct Answer:

D. Tea Act
Sample Question



The Sons of Liberty
The Daughters of Liberty
The committees of correspondence
Which issue caused British colonists to form the organizations in the list above?
A. The British Parliament had passed series of taxes on its North American
colonies.
B. Native Americans had attacked British colonial outpost within the Northwest
Territory.
C. British naval vessels had seized colonial ships and forced colonial sailors into
service in the British navy.
D. Armed slave rebellions had begun throughout the British colonies to end the
continued practice of slavery.
Answer

A
American
Revolutionary Period
Standard 3c & 4
IDEOLOGY
OF THE
AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
Common Sense



Written by Thomas Paine
Message: A call for independence
Sold 500,000 copies
Declaration of Independence


Author: Thomas Jefferson
Based on the Enlightement
philosopher John Locke’s
ideals.


“All men are created equal”
All have natural, unalienable rights





Life
Liberty
Pursuit of happiness
Government gets its powers from
the consent of the people
People have a right to alter or
abolish their government after a
long period of abuses
Grievances against King George III
noted in the Declaration of
Independence



“He has obstructed the
administration of justice”
“He has kept among us,
in times of peace,
standing armies”
“He has plundered our
seas”
Sample Question
John Locke’s theory that all people have
basic natural rights directly influenced
A. The Proclamation of 1763
B. The Declaration of Independence
C. The outbreak of the French and Indian
War
D. The expansion of transatlantic
mercantilism

Answer: B
Sample Question

A.
B.
C.
D.
Which idea from the Social Contract Theory is
expressed within the U.S. Declaration of
Independence?
Congress must consist of two legislative houses.
Political term limits are necessary for all elected
officials.
Government authority comes from the consent of the
governed.
Individual citizens must be protected by a federal bill
of rights.
Answer

C
American
Revolution


The war for
independence fought
between Britain and
13 of its colonies in
North America
1775-1783
MILITARY
ASPECTS
OF AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
George Washington


Leader of the
Continental Army
during the Revolution
Took an all volunteer,
undisciplined,
inexperienced army
and turned it into a
professional army
Lexington and Concord
(1775)

Battles that started
the American
Revolution.
Battle of Trenton



Christmas, 1776
Washington needed a victory; people were quitting his army and
giving up
General Washington planned a surprise attack on Hessian troops
across the Delaware River



Washington and his army crossed the Delaware by night
In the early morning, they attacked the Hessians (Germans who were
fighting for Britain) and won
Many men in Washington’s army re-enlisted and new recruits joined
Battle of Saratoga
(October, 1777)





Colonist victory over British.
Considered a turning point in
Revolutionary War.
Convinced the French to
become ally of the colonists
Benjamin Franklin played a
key role, as the U.S. diplomat
to France, in convincing them
to form this alliance
Marquis de LaFayette was a
skilled French soldier who
volunteered to fight with
Washington
Valley Forge, PA



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

Took place in the winter of 1777-78
Washington and the Continental Army are
camped at Valley Forge
They have little food
They have poor shelter
Many have no shoes or blankets to keep them
warm
Yet Washington rallies his troops and inspires
them to keep going
Battle of Yorktown (1781)





Yorktown is located on the
peninsula formed by the James
and York Rivers that flow into the
Chesapeake Bay
Washington and his army entrench
themselves on the land side of
Yorktown
The French fleet blocks the
entrance to the Chesapeake Bay
Cornwallis and the British
surrender
The American Revolution is over!
Treaty of Paris (1783)



Officially ended the
Revolutionary War.
British recognized
colonists’ independence
as the U.S.A.
Florida was returned to
Spain (for the time being)
Sample Question:

a.
b.
c.
d.
What battle led the French to form a
military alliance with the United States
against the British?
Concord
Trenton
Saratoga
Yorktown
Correct Answer:

C: Saratoga
Establishing a New
Government

Standard 5
Constitutional
Convention




1787
James Madison presented
his plan of government for the
U.S. after the Articles of
Confederation proved to be
a weak government for the
U.S.
The Constitutional Convention,
held in Philadelphia, PA
resulted in the creation of a
FEDERAL government
(separate executive, judicial
and legislative branches)
The convention replaced the
Articles of Confederation with
the U.S. Constitution
Great Compromise of the
Constitutional Convention

Virginia Plan



Bicameral Congress
Representation based
on POPULATION of
the states
New Jersey Plan


Unicameral Congress
Each state gets
EQUAL representation
COMPROMISE:
•Bicameral legislature
•Representation based on population in the
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
•Representation will be equal in the SENATE.
There are 2 senators in every state.
The Slavery Debate in the
Constitutional Convention

Debates over slavery resulted in


Importing slaves would be outlawed in 1808
– 20 years after the Constitutional Convention
Southern states being able to count 3 out of
5 slaves in its census for the purpose of
representation in Congress (THREE-FIFTHS
COMPROMISE)
Limited Government

The powers of the
federal government
are limited by the
Consitution
Separation of Powers

The Constitution lays out a
separation of powers
between three branches of
government



A legislative branch (Congress)
– makes the laws
An executive branch (the
President) – enforces the laws
A judicial branch (Supreme
Court) – interprets and reviews
laws
Montesquieu,
Enlightenment Thinker

Championed
the idea of
separation of
powers
Checks and Balances


To limit each other’s
power, each branch
of government
checks the power of
the other two
Prevents any branch
of government from
becoming too
powerful
Federalism


Power in the
government is divided
between a central
(federal)
government and
regional governments
(the states)
States can’t interfere
with federal laws
Federalists vs. Antifederalists

Federalists





Supported ratification of U.S.
Constitution
Supported strong central
(national) government
Believed it kept factions from
becoming too powerful
Believed the President’s
powers would be check by the
other branches
Every state had its own Bill of
Rights; that was sufficient

Anti-Federalists





Opposed ratification of the
U.S. Constitution
Felt power of government
should remain with the
individual states
Believed factions could not be
controlled from taking power
Believed the President could
become like a dictator with his
power as commander-in-chief
Especially concerned about
the absence of a Bill of Rights
to protect the rights of citizens
Federalist Papers


Essays written to explain
why the U.S. should
ratify (approve) the
Constitution
The authors: Alexander
Hamilton, James
Madison, John Jay
Bill of Rights




Freedom of speech, press, religion,
petition and peaceful assembly
Right to bear arms
Protection for unlawful searches and
seizures
Rights of the accused









Attorney
To remain silent
To have charges explained
To question witnesses
Public trial by jury
No excessive fines or cruel or unusual
punishment
Protection of property
Additional rights (9th)
States’ rights (10th)
Sample Question
The Bill of Rights was adopted by Congress
in 1791 to preserve which political
principle?
A. The separation of powers
B. The restriction of political terms
C. The prohibition of racial discrimination
D. The limitation of the federal government


Answer: D
The Bill of Rights limited the federal
government’s ability to interfere with
individuals’ and states’ rights.
Early Presidents

George Washington



Proclaimed U.S. neutrality
in the war between
England and France
As commander in chief,
sent troops to stop the
Whiskey Rebellion
First political parties
formed during this
presidency


Federalists (Hamilton)
DemocraticRepublicans (Jefferson)

John Adams


Federalist
Sent representatives to
France to negotiate
problems



French officials tried to
bribe them
Referred to as the XYZ
Affair
Led to a Quasi War with
France
Sample Question
President John Adams became involved with
which U.S. foreign-policy issue in the late
1790s?
A. Purchasing the Louisiana Territory
B. Avoiding full-scale war with France
C. Strengthening the Monroe Doctrine
D. Arranging for the annexation of Texas
Answer
B: avoiding full-scale war with France
The XYZ Affair resulted in armed conflict (a
Quasi War) with France, but not full-scale
war.
United States
History
1800 to 1865
Standards 6-9
Thomas Jefferson’s
Presidency


Sent representative to France to
purchase the port of New Orleans
Napoleon offered to sell the entire
Louisiana Territory to the U.S.

This will double the size of U.S. territory
War of 1812



President James Madison declares war
on Great Britain
Reasons: Impressment of U.S. sailors in
British navy
War helped form a
strong national identity for the U.S.
Monroe Doctrine



Established U.S. dominance in the
western hemisphere
European countries could not claim any
more colonies here
The U.S. would stay out of European
affairs
Sample Question

A.
B.
C.
D.
What was the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in
1823?
It reinforced tensions between pro-slavery and antislavery factions in the United States.
It authorized the creation of a permanent professional
military to defend the United States.
It established the U.S. policy of preventing other
nations from interfering in Latin America.
It proclaimed the U.S. intention of expanding it
political borders westward to the Pacific Ocean.
Answer
C
Sample Question
Use this quote to answer the question:
“British cruisers have been in the continued practice of violating the
American flag on the great highway of nations, and of seizing and
carrying off person sailing under it…”
-President James Madison,
in a message to Congress
What resulted from the actions described by President Madison in the
quotation?
A.
The beginning of the War of 1812
B.
The outbreak of the Revolutionary War
C.
The signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1783
D.
The adoption of the Articles of Confederation
Answer

A
Industrial Revolution

Eli Whitney, Inventor


Interchangeable parts: aided growth of
industry in the North
Cotton gin: aided growth of cotton as the
main cash crop of the South
Manifest Destiny

A God-given right to expand U.S.
territory



1845: Texas annexation
1846: Oregon Country (divided with
Britain)
1848: Mexican Cession (resulted from
Mexican War)
Development of the
Nation’s Infrastructure


Roads, bridges, lighthouses
Erie Canal



Connected the mid-West to the Atlantic
Ocean
Connected Great Lakes to Hudson River
Resulted in the economic growth of New
York City, which became a major trade and
commercial center
Reform Movements



Temperance: campaign to reduce, or
“temper” the use of alcohol
Abolition: campaign to abolish slavery
Education: effort to support the
funding of public education
Seneca Falls, NY



Women’s Rights convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leading advocate
Main issue: Women’s Suffrage
Jacksonian Democracy

Expanding voting rights



Non-property owners could vote by 1828
Now all adult white males could vote
Most supported Andrew Jackson, the
symbol of the “common man”
Sample Question
Which term BEST describes the period
during which white male suffrage greatly
expanded in the United States?
A. Manifest Destiny
B. The Enlightenment
C. The Great Awakening
D. Jacksonian Democracy
Answer:

D
North-South Divisions
Related to Westward
Expansion
Sectionalism
Abolitionist Movement

Key abolitionists




William Lloyd
Garrison
Frederick Douglass
Grimke sisters
Successful slave
rebellion led by Nat
Turner
Missouri Compromise

1819
Missouri requested admission into the Union as a slave
state
There were an even number of slave and free states
Much congressional debate
 1820

Compromise

Maine would be admitted as a free state
Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
North of 36, 30 North latitude: slavery prohibited

South of 36,30 North latitude: slavery allowed


Nullification Crisis

Attempt by South Carolina to nullify of
federal tariff in 1832.




South Carolina protested/refused to pay
Vice-President John C. Calhoun led the
protest
Threatened to secede if force was used
Henry Clay offered a compromise tariff


Tariff would gradually be lowered over a
ten year period
Increased the issue of sectionalism:
putting the interests of a region over
those of the entire nation
Mexican War

1846


U.S. declares war on Mexico over boundary dispute
U.S. wins victories in El Paso, TX; Monterrey, CA; and,
Monterrey, Mexico
Congressman David Wilmot proposes that slavery be
prohibited in any territory acquired in the war


1848

Much congressional debate over the Wilmot Proviso; it is defeated
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo establishes boundary at Rio
Grande; gives entire southwestern territory to U.S. (Mexican
Cession)
Sample Question
The western expansion of the United States
in the early 1800s provoked a
congressional debate over the slavery
issue. Congress resolved this debate by
A. Making the Louisiana Purchase
B. Passing a constitutional amendment
C. Adopting the Missouri Compromise
D. Accepting the doctrine of nullification
Answer

C
Sample Question

A.
B.
C.
D.
Which principle of U.S. government did
the Nullification Crisis of 1832 directly
challenge?
Federalism
Judicial review
Popular sovereignty
Checks and balances
Answer
A.
Federalism
When South Carolina declared their nullification of
the federal tariff, they were challenged federal
law. No state laws, policy, or court decision
can conflict with federal law. Therefore, South
Carolina was challenging the principle of
federalism.
Causes, Main Events, and
Consequences of the
American Civil War
Compromise of 1850
1848
Gold discovered in California
1849
The Gold Rush begins and California’s population escalates enough to
apply for statehood (free state)
1850


Much congressional debate (even number of free states and slave
states)
Compromise:




California will be a free state
Utah and New Mexico will decide slavery by popular sovereignty
Slave trade is abolished in Washington, D.C.
A stronger Fugitive Slave Law is passed to satisfy a pro-slavery South
Kansas-Nebraska Act


Repealed the Missouri Compromise by
reopening territory that had been closed
to slavery
Left the slavery issue to be decided by the
people who settled in those territories
(popular sovereignty)
“Bleeding Kansas”



A race between those who supported
slavery and those who didn’t began in
Kansas
Anti-slavery and pro-slavery forces fought
against each other
Popular sovereignty fails
Dred Scott Case



Dred Scott was a slave that had
been taken into free territory
After his owner died, Scott wanted
his freedom
The Supreme Court decision:




ruled that African Americans
were not citizens of the U.S.
African Americans were not free
just because they were taken into
free territories by their owners
Laws like the Missouri
Compromise were unconstitutional
Congress could not deny slave
owners from taking slaves where
they wanted since the slaves were
their property
John Brown



A staunch abolitionist
In 1859, he raided a federal arsenal in Harper’s
Ferry, VA, in an attempt to start a slave
rebellion
He was captured, charged with treason, and
executed by hanging for his crimes
Civil War Leaders

North/Union


President: Abraham Lincoln
Generals:


Ulysses S. Grant –
defeated Lee and ended
the war
William T. Sherman –
capture the railroad city of
Atlanta, GA and led a
destructive march through
Georgia

South/Confederacy


President: Jefferson Davis
Generals:


Robert E. Lee –
commander the Army of
Northern Virginia;
successfully won defensive
battles against the Union,
but lost both attempts at
offensive battles
“Stonewall” Jackson –
Lee’s right-hand man;
helped him win many
victories against the Union
Civil War Battles





Fort Sumter (April, 1861) – where the Civil War began
Antietam (August, 1862) – Lee’s first attempt to fight an offensive
battle and first one outside the Confederacy; he lost
Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) – Lee’s second attempt to fight an
offensive battle; the turning point of the war; Lee would never
recover from this loss
Vicksburg – Confederate stronghold located on the Mississippi
River, it fell to Union control on July 4, 1863; the Union had control
of the Mississippi
Atlanta (September, 1864) – the main rail center of the southeast
captured by General William T. Sherman and where he began his
March to the Sea
Emancipation
Proclamation




After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln
announced he would issue his proclamation on January
1, 1863 if the Confederacy did not surrender
January 1, 1863, Lincoln announced the he was freeing
the slaves who were still in the states that continue to
fight the Union
The Union army had a new purpose for fighting the war:
they would free all slaves as they moved through the
states at war with them
Slaves in states still in the Union were not freed by the
Emancipation Proclamation, but will be freed by the 13th
Amendment
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and his
Second Inaugural Address
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Gettysburg Address – the Civil War is a
“new birth” of freedom for the U.S.
The 2nd Inaugural Address - Promised
healing for the nation
Economic Disparity between
the North and the South
Sample Question
Which factor provided a military advantage during
the U.S. Civil War?
A.
Over 80% of the nation’s factories existed in
the North
B.
Southern merchant ships outnumbered those
controlled by the North
C.
Seventy percent of U.S. railroad tracks existed
in the southern territory.
D.
The North made an alliance with France to
receive troops and other aid to fight the South.
Answer
A
European nations essentially remained neutral
throughout the course of the U.S. Civil War. The
North possessed more merchant ships than the
South, as well as the majority of railroad tracks.
The North was far more industrialized than the
South. Northern factories gave the Union a
powerful military advantage.
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