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Colonial Period

Standards 1-3
Virginia

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
Jamestown, Virginia was
founded in 1607
First permanent English
settlement in North America
A corporate colony, founded
by the Virginia Company
Investors hoped to make a
profit from the colony
Powhatan Indians



Hostile to new settlers
Attacked Jamestown
John Smith was able to negotiate with
them for food
Success of the Virginia
Colony



Tobacco became the most profitable cash
crop
Headright System allowed families to
move in and own land
House of Burgesses allowed selfgovernment
Virginia’s House of
Burgesses


Virginia’s colonial legislature
Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion because
the legislature failed to provide settlers
protection from hostile Indians in the
backcountry
First Africans in Virginia



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In 1619 a Dutch slave ship arrived in the colony
The Africans on board (who were destined to be
traded as slaves in the West Indies), were
traded for supplies in Virginia
The Virginia colony treated the Africans as
indentured servants, not slaves
All of them eventually gained their freedom
before slavery was introduced in Virginia
Sample Question
One reason the colony of Virginia succeeded
was the
a. profitable tobacco crop
b. leadership of John Smith
c.
management of the Virginia Company
d. relationship with the Powhatan Indians
Answer:

A: the profitable tobacco crop
New England




Originally settled by English Separatists,
who had broken away from the Anglican
Church
They were persecuted
These settlers were called “Pilgrims”
They sailed on the Mayflower from
England to America
Massachusetts Bay
Colony



Settled by English Puritans (who were
Anglican, but wanted to reform the Church
of its “catholic” practices)
They were persecuted in Great Britain
They established their “City Upon A Hill”,
what they considered a model utopia, in
Boston
Puritans vs. Native
Americans

King Philip’s War


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Chief of the Wampanoags (Metacom/”King Philip”) led
an attack on the Puritans in response to their laws
that restricted the Indians
It was a very brutal and destructive war
Food shortages, disease, and heavy casualties kept
the Indians from fighting
Metacom was killed and the Indian resistance in New
England ended
Tension in New England


Roger Williams challenged forced religion
on the citizens of Massachusetts
He was exiled and eventually founded the
colony of Rhode Island

Separation of church and state established
here
Halfway Covenant

Allowed second and third generation
Puritans partial membership in the church
until they experienced a true religious
conversion
Salem, Massachusetts

Location of Salem Witch Trials
Massachusetts Bay Loses
Its Charter



Puritans refused to obey English law
In 1684, King Charles II revoked the
colony’s corporate charter
Massachusetts became a royal colony,
under strict control of the king
Sample Question
Which factor directly affected the settlement
of New England in the 1600s?
A. Religious persecution in Great Britain
B. The opportunity to cultivate tobacco
C. Growing conflict with the southern
farmers
D. The chance to participate in the slave
trade
Answer:

A: religious persecution in Great Britain
Middle Colonies
New Netherland to New
York

Originally claimed and settled by Netherland


Diverse Population (settlers were allowed from all
over Europe)
James, Duke of York and brother of King Charles
II, sent a fleet of ships to take the colony away
from the Dutch


It was accomplished without firing a single shot
It became the English colony of New York
Middle Colonies:
Pennsylvania


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William Penn: founded
Quakers were first settlers
Penn’s “Holy Experiment”: allowed
freedom of religion
Sample Question
The original settlers of the Mid-Atlantic
colonies were
a. Pilgrims
b. Quakers
c.
Puritans
d. Dutch
Correct Answer:

D: Dutch
Mercantilism



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Export raw materials from colonies to
England
Sell manufactured goods back to the
colonies
Become completely self sufficient as a
country
Acquire wealth
African Colonial
Population


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As employment opportunities increased in
England, fewer indentured servants came to
America
Transatlantic trade included stops along the
African coast to trade rum (from New England)
and guns and manufactured goods (from
England) in exchange for slaves
Slaves were taken to the West Indies and
various parts of North America in the Middle
Passage of the transatlantic trade
Sample Question:
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

Rum
Slaves
Manufactured goods
The items listed above were part of the
a.
Products produced in the New England colonies
b.
Products traded to England from the American colonies
c.
Items traded along the transatlantic trade
d.
Items England provided to its American colonies
Correct Answer:

C: items traded along the transatlantic
trade
Results of French &
Indian War and Causes of
the American Revolution


In the Treaty of Paris of 1763,Britain won
control of North America; France lost most of its
North American possessions
In its attempt to govern a larger colonial empire,
Parliament passed a series of laws to control the
colonists

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Proclamation of 1763 forbade settlement west of
Appalachian Mountains to protect them from hostile
Indians
Stamp Act placed direct taxes on printed materials to
pay for war debt
Colonial Reactions

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No taxation without representation – colonists believed only their
colonial legislatures could tax them
In response to the Stamp Act, the Sons of Liberty terrorized stamp
agents
In response to the Boston Massacre, each colony formed a
committee of correspondence to communicate with other colonies
In response to the Tea Act, the colonists dumped British tea in the
Boston Harbor
Intolerable Acts


In response to the Boston Tea Party,
Parliament passed a series of laws to
punish the colony of Massachusetts
The Daughters of Liberty led boycotts of
English goods, especially tea
Sample Question:

a.
b.
c.
d.
Which event was NOT a direct result of
the French and Indian War?
Proclamation of 1763
Stamp Act
Treaty of Paris of 1763
Tea Act
Correct Answer:

D. Tea Act
Sample Question
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The Sons of Liberty
The Daughters of Liberty
The committees of correspondence
Which issue caused British colonists to form the organizations in the list above?
A. The British Parliament had passed series of taxes on its North American
colonies.
B. Native Americans had attacked British colonial outpost within the Northwest
Territory.
C. British naval vessels had seized colonial ships and forced colonial sailors into
service in the British navy.
D. Armed slave rebellions had begun throughout the British colonies to end the
continued practice of slavery.
Answer

A
American
Revolutionary Period
Standard 3c & 4
IDEOLOGY
OF THE
AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
Common Sense

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
Written by Thomas Paine
Message: A call for independence
Sold 500,000 copies
Declaration of Independence
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Author: Thomas Jefferson
Based on John Locke’s
Enlightenment philosophy

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“All men are created equal”
All have natural, unalienable rights
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Life
Liberty
Pursuit of happiness (Locke said
“property”)
Government gets its powers from
the consent of the people
People have a right to alter or
abolish their government after a
long period of abuses
Grievances against King George III
noted in the Declaration of
Independence

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“He has obstructed the
administration of justice”
“He has kept among us,
in times of peace,
standing armies”
“He has plundered our
seas”
Sample Question
John Locke’s theory that all people have
basic natural rights directly influenced
A. The Proclamation of 1763
B. The Declaration of Independence
C. The outbreak of the French and Indian
War
D. The expansion of transatlantic
mercantilism

Answer: B
Sample Question

A.
B.
C.
D.
Which idea from the Social Contract Theory is
expressed within the U.S. Declaration of
Independence?
Congress must consist of two legislative houses.
Political term limits are necessary for all elected
officials.
Government authority comes from the consent of the
governed.
Individual citizens must be protected by a federal bill
of rights.
Answer

C
American
Revolution


The war for
independence fought
between Britain and
13 of its colonies in
North America
1775-1783
MILITARY
ASPECTS
OF AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
George Washington
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
Leader of the
Continental Army
during the Revolution
Took an all volunteer,
undisciplined,
inexperienced army
and turned it into a
professional army
Lexington and Concord
(1775)

Battles that started
the American
Revolution.
Battle of Trenton
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Christmas, 1776
Washington’s army, who had volunteered for one year of service,
was about to go home
There had been no victories for the army and no reason to reenlist
General Washington planned a surprise attack on Hessian soldiers
across the Delaware River from the Continental Army
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Washington and his army crossed the Delaware in the middle of the
night (see next slide)
In the early morning, they attacked the Hessians and won
In a few days, they defeated a British force at Princeton, NJ
Many men in Washington’s army, reenlisted and new recruits joined
Battle of Saratoga
(October, 1777)
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Colonist victory over British.
Turning point in Revolutionary
War.
Convinced the French to
become ally of the United
States
Benjamin Franklin played a key
role, as the U.S. diplomat to
France, in convincing them to
form this alliance
Marquis de LaFayette
volunteers to fight
Valley Forge, PA
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Winter of 1777-78
Washington and the Continental Army are
camped at Valley Forge
They have little food
They have poor shelter
Many have no shoes or blankets to keep them
warm
Yet Washington rallies his troops, inspires them,
and uses the time to prepare them for battle
Battle of Yorktown (1781)
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Yorktown is located on the
peninsula formed by the James
and York Rivers that flow into the
Chesapeake Bay
Washington and his army entrench
themselves on the land side of
Yorktown
The French fleet blocks the
entrance to the Chesapeake Bay
Cornwallis and the British
surrender
The American Revolution is over!
Treaty of Paris (1783)
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Officially ended the
Revolutionary War.
British recognized
colonists’ independence.
British gave colonists all
the lands east of the
Mississippi River
Florida was returned to
Spain
Sample Question:

a.
b.
c.
d.
What battle led the French to form a
military alliance with the United States
against the British?
Concord
Trenton
Saratoga
Yorktown
Correct Answer:

C: Saratoga
Establishing a New
Government

Standard 5
Constitutional
Convention
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1787
James Madison introduced a
new plan of government to
address the weaknesses in the
Articles of Confederation
The Constitutional Convention,
held in Philadelphia, PA
resulted in the creation of a
FEDERAL government
(separate executive, judicial
and legislative branches)
The convention replaced the
Articles of Confederation with
the U.S. Constitution
Great Compromise of the
Constitutional Convention

Virginia Plan
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New Jersey Plan
Bicameral Congress
Representation of both
houses based on
population of the
individual states
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
Unicameral Congress
Representation of
states would be equal
COMPROMISE:
•Bicameral legislature
•Representation in the House of Representatives would
be based on population of each state
•Representation of the Senate would be equal with 2
senators from each state
The Slavery Debate in the
Constitutional Convention

Debates over slavery resulted in


An agreement to outlaw the importation of
slaves from Africa within 20 years (by 1808)
Southern states being able to count 3 out of 5
slaves in its census for the purpose of
representation in Congress

However, this formula would also be considered
for the appropriation of taxes per state
Limited Government

The federal
government’s powers
are limited to those
specified in the U.S.
Constitution
Separation of Powers

Each branch of government
has a specific purpose and
powers are different from the
other branches



A legislative branch (Congress)
An executive branch (the
President)
A judicial branch (Supreme
Court)
Montesquieu,
Enlightenment Thinker

Championed
the idea of
separation of
powers
Checks and Balances


Each branch of the
government checks
the powers of the
other two branches
Prevents any branch
of government from
becoming too
powerful
Federalism


Distribution of the
powers of
government between
a central (federal)
government and the
regional (states)
governments.
State laws cannot
interfere with federal
law
Federalists vs. Antifederalists

Federalists
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Supported ratification of U.S.
Constitution
Supported strong central
(national) government
Believed it kept factions from
becoming too powerful
Believed the President’s
powers would be check by the
other branches
Every state had its own Bill of
Rights; that was sufficient

Anti-Federalists
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Opposed ratification of the
U.S. Constitution
Felt power of government
should remain with the
individual states
Believed factions could not be
controlled from taking power
Believed the President could
become like a dictator with his
power as commander-in-chief
Especially concerned about
the absence of a Bill of Rights
to protect the rights of citizens
Federalist Papers



Newspaper articles
published in New York
Explained reasons why
the states should ratify
the new US constitution
The anonymous authors
(Publius): Alexander
Hamilton, James
Madison, John Jay
Bill of Rights

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Freedom of speech, press, religion,
petition and peaceful assembly
Right to bear arms
Protection for unlawful searches and
seizures
Rights of the accused
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
Attorney
To remain silent
To have charges explained
To question witnesses
Public trial by jury
No excessive fines or cruel or unusual
punishment
Protection of property
Additional rights (9th)
States’ rights (10th)
Sample Question
The Bill of Rights was adopted by Congress
in 1791 to preserve which political
principle?
A. The separation of powers
B. The restriction of political terms
C. The prohibition of racial discrimination
D. The limitation of the federal government


Answer: D
The Bill of Rights limited the federal
government’s ability to interfere with
individuals’ and states’ rights.
Early Presidents

George Washington



Proclaimed U.S. neutrality
in the war between
England and France
As commander in chief,
sent troops to stop the
rebellion over the whiskey
tax
First political parties
formed during this
presidency


Federalists (Hamilton)
Democratic-Republicans
(Jefferson)

John Adams


Federalist
Sent representatives to
France to negotiate
problems



French officials tried to
bribe them
Referred to as the XYZ
Affair
Led to a Quasi War with
France
Sample Question
President John Adams became involved with
which U.S. foreign-policy issue in the late
1790s?
A. Purchasing the Louisiana Territory
B. Avoiding full-scale war with France
C. Strengthening the Monroe Doctrine
D. Arranging for the annexation of Texas
Answer
B: avoiding full-scale war with France
The XYZ Affair resulted in armed conflict (a
Quasi War) with France, but not full-scale
war.
United States
History
1800 to 1865
Standards 6-9
Thomas Jefferson’s
Presidency


Sent representative to France to purchase
the port of New Orleans
Napoleon offered to sell the entire
Louisiana Territory to the U.S.

Doubled the size of U.S. territory
War of 1812



President Madison declares war on Great
Britain
Reasons: Impressment of U.S. sailors in
British navy
War helped form a
strong national identity
Monroe Doctrine



Established U.S. dominance in the western
hemisphere
European countries could not claim any
more colonies here
The U.S. would stay out of European
affairs
Sample Question

A.
B.
C.
D.
What was the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in
1823?
It reinforced tensions between pro-slavery and antislavery factions in the United States.
It authorized the creation of a permanent professional
military to defend the United States.
It established the U.S. policy of preventing other
nations from interfering in Latin America.
It proclaimed the U.S. intention of expanding it
political borders westward to the Pacific Ocean.
Answer
C
Sample Question
Use this quote to answer the question:
“British cruisers have been in the continued practice of violating the
American flag on the great highway of nations, and of seizing and
carrying off person sailing under it…”
-President James Madison,
in a message to Congress
What resulted from the actions described by President Madison in the
quotation?
A.
The beginning of the War of 1812
B.
The outbreak of the Revolutionary War
C.
The signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1783
D.
The adoption of the Articles of Confederation
Answer

A
Industrial Revolution

Eli Whitney, Inventor


Interchangeable parts: aided growth of
industry in the North
Cotton gin: aided growth of cotton as the
main cash crop of the South
Manifest Destiny

A God-given right to expand U.S. territory



1845: Texas annexation
1846: Oregon Country (divided with Britain)
1848: Mexican Cession (resulted from
Mexican War)
Reform Movements



Temperance: campaign to reduce, or
“temper” the use of alcohol
Abolition: campaign to abolish slavery
Education: effort to support the funding of
public education
Seneca Falls, NY



Women’s Rights convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leading advocate
Main issue: Women’s Suffrage
Jacksonian Democracy

Expanding voting rights

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
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
Non-property owners could vote by 1828
Now all adult white males could vote
Most supported Andrew Jackson, the symbol
of the “common man”
Popular votes counted for the first time in
1828
Increased suffrage led to increased
nationalism
Sample Question
Which term BEST describes the period
during which white male suffrage greatly
expanded in the United States?
A. Manifest Destiny
B. The Enlightenment
C. The Great Awakening
D. Jacksonian Democracy
Answer:

D
North-South Divisions
Related to Westward
Expansion
Abolitionist Movement

Key abolitionists




William Lloyd Garrison
Frederick Douglass
Grimke sisters
Successful slave
rebellion led by Nat
Turner
Missouri Compromise

1819
Missouri requested admission into the Union as a slave
state
There were an even number of slave and free states
Much congressional debate
 1820

Compromise

Maine would be admitted as a free state
Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
North of 36, 30 North latitude: slavery prohibited

South of 36,30 North latitude: slavery allowed


Nullification Crisis

Attempt by South Carolina to nullify of
federal tariff in 1832.





South Carolina protested/refused to pay
Vice-President John C. Calhoun led the
protest
Threatened to secede if force was used
President Jackson ->Force Act
Henry Clay offered a compromise tariff


Tariff would gradually be lowered over a
ten year period
Increased the issue of sectionalism:
putting the interests of a region over
those of the entire nation
Mexican War

1846


U.S. declares war on Mexico over boundary dispute
U.S. wins victories in El Paso, TX; Monterrey, CA; and,
Monterrey, Mexico
Congressman David Wilmot proposes that slavery be prohibited
in any territory acquired in the war

Much congressional debate over the Wilmot Proviso; it is defeated
1847

U.S. wins victories in Buena Vista and Mexico City

1848

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo establishes boundary at Rio
Grande; gives entire southwestern territory to U.S. (Mexican
Cession)
Sample Question
The western expansion of the United States
in the early 1800s provoked a
congressional debate over the slavery
issue. Congress resolved this debate by
A. Making the Louisiana Purchase
B. Passing a constitutional amendment
C. Adopting the Missouri Compromise
D. Accepting the doctrine of nullification
Answer

C
Sample Question

A.
B.
C.
D.
Which principle of U.S. government did
the Nullification Crisis of 1832 directly
challenge?
Federalism
Judicial review
Popular sovereignty
Checks and balances
Answer
A.
Federalism
When South Carolina declared their nullification of
the federal tariff, they were challenged federal
law. No state laws, policy, or court decision
can conflict with federal law. Therefore, South
Carolina was challenging the principle of
federalism.
Causes, Main Events, and
Consequences of the
American Civil War
Compromise of 1850
1848
Gold discovered in California
1849
Thousands of people travel to California in the Gold Rush
California’s population escalates enough to apply for statehood (free
state)
1850


Much congressional debate (even number of free states and slave
states)
Compromise:




California will be a free state
Utah and New Mexico will decide slavery by popular sovereignty
Slave trade is abolished in Washington, D.C.
A stronger Fugitive Slave Law is passed to satisfy a pro-slavery South
Kansas-Nebraska Act


Repealed the Missouri Compromise by
reopening territory that had been closed
to slavery
Left the slavery issue to be decided by the
people who settled in those territories
(popular sovereignty)
“Bleeding Kansas”




A race to Kansas between those who
supported slavery and those who didn’t
began
Anti-slavery and pro-slavery forces fought
against each other
Two territorial legislatures will be chosen
Popular sovereignty will fail
Dred Scott Case



Dred Scott was a slave that had
been taken into free territory
After his owner died, Scott wanted
his freedom
The Supreme Court decision:




ruled that African Americans were
not citizens of the U.S.
African Americans were not free
just because they were taken into
free territories by their owners
Laws like the Missouri
Compromise were unconstitutional
Congress could not deny slave
owners from taking slaves into the
western territories because they
were property under the 5th
Amendment
John Brown




A staunch abolitionist
Had committed five murders of pro-slavery
people in Pottawatomie, Kansas in 1856
In 1859, he raided a federal arsenal in Harper’s
Ferry, VA, in an attempt to arm a slave
resurrection
He was captured, charged with treason, and
executed by hanging for his crimes
Civil War Leaders

North/Union


President: Abraham Lincoln
Generals:


Ulysses S. Grant –
defeated Lee and ended
the war
William T. Sherman –
capture the railroad city of
Atlanta, GA and led a
destructive march through
Georgia

South/Confederacy


President: Jefferson Davis
Generals:


Robert E. Lee –
commander the Army of
Northern Virginia;
successfully won defensive
battles against the Union,
but lost both attempts at
offensive battles
“Stonewall” Jackson –
Lee’s right-hand man;
helped him win many
victories against the Union
Civil War Battles





Fort Sumter (April, 1861) – where the Civil War began
Antietam (August, 1862) – Lee’s first attempt to fight an offensive
battle and first one outside the Confederacy; he lost
Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) – Lee’s second attempt to fight an
offensive battle; the turning point of the war; Lee would never
recover from this loss
Vicksburg – “the nail that held the two halves of the Confederacy
together” (Davis); located on the Mississippi River, it fail to Union
control on July 4, 1863; the Union had control of the Mississippi
Atlanta (September, 1864) – the main rail center of the southeast
captured by General Sherman and where he began his March to the
Sea
Emancipation
Proclamation




After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln
announced he would issue his proclamation on January
1, 1863 if the Confederacy did not surrender
January 1, 1863, Lincoln announced the he was freeing
the slaves who were still in the states that continue to
fight the Union
The Union army had a new purpose for fighting the war:
they would free all slaves as they moved through the
states at war with them
Slaves in states still in the Union were not freed by the
Emancipation Proclamation, but will be freed by the 13th
Amendment
Economic Disparity between
the North and the South
Sample Question
Which factor provided a military advantage during
the U.S. Civil War?
A.
Over 80% of the nation’s factories existed in
the North
B.
Southern merchant ships outnumbered those
controlled by the North
C.
Seventy percent of U.S. railroad tracks existed
in the southern territory.
D.
The North made an alliance with France to
receive troops and other aid to fight the South.
Answer
A
European nations essentially remained neutral
throughout the course of the U.S. Civil War. The
North possessed more merchant ships than the
South, as well as the majority of railroad tracks.
The North was far more industrialized than the
South. Northern factories gave the Union a
powerful military advantage.
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