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BELLWORK • As you know, slavery was a huge problem the Americas faced in the “nation-building” period. Slavery will be our focus today as we learn about the causes of the U.S. Civil War. • For bellwork today, the class is split into two groups….. ½ will read pro-slavery arguments, and the other ½ will read anti-slavery arguments. • After reading the primary sources, on a sheet of paper list FIVE arguments that support your side. • Once we discuss, you will also fill in the opposing viewpoint & arguments. The U.S. Civil War The Civil War (1861-1865) took more American lives than any other war in history. It so divided the people of the United States that in some families brother fought against brother. The Civil War was between the Southern States, trying to preserve slavery and an agricultural way of life, and the Northern States, dedicated to a more modern way of life and to ending the expansion-and, later, the existence-of slavery. The terrible bloodshed left a heritage of grief and bitterness that declined only slowly and, even today, has not fully disappeared. Causes of the U.S. Civil War “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free…” -Abraham Lincoln Discussion What do you think caused the Civil War? Cause #1 - Sectionalism • The North • Encouraged modernization • Belief that the people should decide whether an action was moral or immoral • The South • Held the present and past dear • Profitable agricultural economy based on slave labor Discussion Two different views of economic freedom and the South’s view of protection of “property” Cause #2 - The Compromise of 1850 1. prohibited the slave trade in Washington, D.C. 2. admitted California to the Union as a free state 3. gave newly acquired territories the right to decide for themselves whether to permit slavery 4. included a strict fugitive slave law that required Northerners to return escaped slaves to their owners The Fugitive Slave Law • The fugitive slave law made northerners accomplices to slavery, and was very expensive. • Runaways were denied the right to trial, special commissions handled cases, and received $5-$10 for every runaway. • The law also required free citizens to assist enforcement. • Northerners rioted and some cities refused to cooperate with the law. Cause #3 - The Kansas-Nebraska Act • allowed Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether to allow slavery • caused a rush of pro and anti slavery “settlers” to fight for control (bleeding Kansas) • One southern senator even beat a northern senator with his cane on the Senate floor because of a speech he made about Kansas Cause #4 - The Dred Scott Case • A slave claimed freedom because he had lived for awhile in a free state and territory • U.S. vs. Dred Scott: the court declared that no black could be a United States citizen • Congress could not prohibit slavery Cause #5 - American Two Party System • Democrats were divided: – Northern Democrats believed each state and territory should determine slavery status itself – Southern Democrats believed slavery was protected by the Constitution and that Congress could establish slave states • Republicans considered slavery evil and opposed its extension into Western territories (“…there is a higher law than the Constitution” if the constitution permitted slavery, then we are morally justified to ignore it. ) • Other Republican factions formed: Know-Nothing Party blamed immigrants and Roman Catholics for the country's problems Discussion In your opinion, which of the five causes had the biggest impact on the start of the U.S. Civil War? • The Election of Abraham Lincoln Background – – – – Born very poor in a log cabin in Kentucky Self educated lawyer; deep respect for the law Known for his character, sincerity, and humor Married to Mary Todd and had 4 sons (only 1 lived to adulthood) The Election of Abraham Lincoln Election of 1860 1. The North had enough electoral votes to choose the president (Lincoln received only 40% of the popular vote) 2. The South leaves the Union – Secession: formal withdrawal from a nation – Jefferson Davis elected president • His view of slavery was how he personally treated his slaves, which was good, and he was not well traveled Discussion Who do you think had the advantage in the Civil War, the Union or the Confederacy? Why? The U.S. Civil War Advantages of the North – huge population – standing army and navy – Industrialization & manufacturing – large transportation system Advantages of the South – Determination and motivation – military leadership and combat expertise – only had to survive to succeed Civil War Generals North: Ulysses S. Grant South: Robert E. Lee The Civil War Lincoln’s Goals • preserve the Union • keep the border states on the side of the Union • keep foreign countries from helping the Confederacy What is missing from this list? Lincoln’s Goals • preserve the Union • keep the border states on the side of the Union • keep foreign countries from helping the Confederacy Lincoln’s Goals “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.” - (Lincoln's Letter to Horace Greeley) Civil War Event Worksheet • The Civil War lasted from 1861-1865 and was comprised of various events, battles and dates. • To understand these a little better you are going to complete a graphic organizer for homework. • These will be your notes for the section so make sure you actually read the section and summarize the information.