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Terms and People • Wilmot Proviso – outlawed slavery in lands won from Mexico • Free-Soil Party – a political party that promised free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men • popular sovereignty – followers believed a territory’s voters should decide themselves whether to allow slavery Terms and People (continued) • secede – to break away, especially from the Union • Compromise of 1850 – legislation designed to avoid division between North and South over slavery • Fugitive Slave Act – stringent laws that required citizens to apprehend fugitive slaves How did Congress try to resolve the dispute between North and South over slavery? As the nation expanded, the problem of slavery became a divisive and difficult issue to resolve. Different economies and viewpoints of the North and the South hindered compromise. The North, a manufacturing society The South, an agricultural society • Cities and towns were trade centers • Cities and towns were few and far between • Factories and farms produced goods • Large plantations and small farms were source of wealth • Paid labor source, few slaves • Many immigrants • Enslaved labor force of African Americans • Few immigrants Why would some northerners be sympathetic to the southern views on slavery? Why would they want slavery to continue? Slavery and the North Slavery and the South Few people had slaves, and slavery ended by 1860. Slavery was an integral part of life with over one million enslaved African Americans. Early in the 1800s, some northerners began to work for the abolition of slavery. Many believed God intended blacks to provide labor for whites. Many northern states limited the rights and migration of free African Americans, so many white northerners had little contact with them. Southerners claimed that enslaved people were healthier and happier than northern wage earners. Since the passage of the Missouri Compromise in 1820, Congress had tried to maintain a balance of free states and slave states. The North wanted new territories to be free states. The South wanted new territories to be slave states. In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso, proposed that all lands acquired from Mexico would be free territories. It was defeated, but it brought the issue of slavery to the forefront of public debate. In the election of 1848, the Democrats and the Whigs split over the issue of slavery, and a third party was formed, the Free-Soil Party. Former President Martin Van Buren ran on the Free-Soil Party against Whig Zachary Taylor and Democrat Lewis Cass. Taylor was elected. Although the Free-Soil party lost the election, it had a large influence on politics. Platform Impact “Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men.” It won 10 percent of the vote Keep slavery out of the western territories. It raised the question as to who would decide the slavery issue. A national platform of “freedom.” Tensions increased when California sought to join the Union as a free state. The Democrats and Whigs were forced to address the slavery issue. Both parties supported popular sovereignty, or having voters in a territory decide whether their territory would be free or allow slavery. Having voters decide had wide appeal since it seemed in keeping with the tradition of American democracy. It would also remove Congress from the controversy. Once again, the slavery issue was debated in the Senate by three political leaders. Daniel Webster from the North John Calhoun from the South Henry Clay from the West Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850, a series of resolutions that made concessions to both the North and South. The North The South California would be admitted to the Union as a free state. Congress would pass a stricter Fugitive Slave Act. The territories of New Mexico Slavery would be enforced in and Utah would decide on Washington, D.C., although slavery by a vote. the slave trade would end. Read Calhoun and Webster’s opinions and answer the two questions. During a heated debate in the Senate, Calhoun and Webster took different stands on the compromise. Calhoun • Clay’s compromise did not give the South enough protection. • The South would break away from the Union if it did not get its demands on the slavery issue. • Any state had the right to secede if it disagreed with national laws. Webster • The states should rally to the cause of unity. • Sectional compromise was needed in order to preserve the Union. • Webster supported popular sovereignty. Congress passed the Compromise of 1850, and President Millard Fillmore signed it into law. • The compromise was supposed to bring calm to the nation, but many people were dissatisfied. • Northerners were particularly upset by the Fugitive Slave Act. • Larger crises loomed in the decade ahead. Terms and People • • • • personal liberty laws – laws passed in the North that nullified the Fugitive Slave Act Underground Railroad – a secret network of people who helped slaves escape from the South Harriet Tubman – a woman who led slaves into freedom through the Underground Railroad Harriet Beecher Stowe – author of a best-selling novel that condemned slavery Terms and People (continued) • • • Kansas-Nebraska Act – divided the Nebraska region into two territories, giving voters in each area the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery John Brown – a northern abolitionist who used violence “Bleeding Kansas” – term used to describe Kansas, where violence broke out between proslavery and antislavery supporters How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions between the North and the South? The Compromise of 1850 resolved the slavery issues only for a short time. The conflict over the slavery turned violent with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. By the mid-1800s, slavery was a national issue. Every American from the North, the South, and the West had an opinion. The Fugitive Slave Act angered northerners. The Fugitive Slave Act, part of the Compromise of 1850, required all citizens to catch and return runaway slaves. Some Northern states passed personal liberty laws. These laws • Nullified the Fugitive Act • Enabled state officials to arrest slave catchers for kidnapping free African Americans • Increased northern white support of abolitionism Abolitionists took action to save enslaved people. Free blacks and Northern abolitionists organized an escape network called the Underground Railroad. The map shows the routes “conductors” used to lead enslaved blacks to freedom. A fugitive slave from Maryland, Harriet Tubman, was called the “Black Moses” because she led so many people to freedom on the Underground Railroad. Popular novels condemned slavery, gaining northern support for abolition and infuriating the South. • • White abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which gave readers compassion for the nonviolent enslaved Tom. Black abolitionist Martin Delany wrote Blake in which enslaved Blake chooses to rebel violently against slavery. Tensions greatly increased between the North and the South as • African Americans increased their resistance • The abolitionist movement grew stronger in the North and West • The question of whether a new territory should become a slave or free state arose again in the Nebraska territory Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. • The legislation divided the Nebraska territory into Kansas and Nebraska. Residents of each territory would vote to allow or outlaw slavery. • In effect, it nullified the Missouri Compromise by allowing slavery to spread in areas where it had been banned. • Congress assumed Kansas would become a slave state and Nebraska a free state. • Northerners and Southerners went to Kansas to influence the vote. The Kansas-Nebraska Act set off violence between proslavery and antislavery forces in Kansas. Proslavery residents from Missouri, know as Border Ruffians, attacked the antislavery town of Lawrence. Northern abolitionist John Brown responded by killing five proslavery settlers. Both sides armed for battle. Describing the violence in Kansas, reporters called the territory “Bleeding Kansas.” Conflict in Kansas was inevitable. The South wanted Kansas to be a slave state. The North wanted Kansas to be a free state. In 1861, after the Civil War started, Kansas joined the Union as a free state. The national tension over slavery grew wider and deeper, with violence spreading even to Congress. Violence over the slavery issue broke out on the floor of the U.S. Senate. Southern Representative Preston Brooks badly beat Northern Senator Charles Sumner with a cane. Terms and People • • • • Know-Nothings – members of an anti-immigrant movement Republican Party – political party founded in 1854 that opposed slavery Dred Scott – a Missouri slave who sued for his freedom Roger B. Taney – chief justice of the Supreme Court that ruled against Dred Scott Terms and People (continued) • • • Abraham Lincoln – Republican politician from Illinois who opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act Stephen A. Douglas – an Illinois politician, rival to Lincoln, who supported the KansasNebraska Act Harper’s Ferry – Location of federal arsenal that John Brown tried to seize to arm a revolution against slavery What developments deepened the divisions between the North and South? By the mid-1850s, negotiation and compromise seemed unable to resolve a deep divide that had developed between sections of the nation. As westward expansion continued, these deep sectional differences threatened to tear the nation apart. Politics reflected regional divisions. In the presidential election of 1856, there were five political parties. Whig Party Failed to nominate a candidate Republican Party New antislavery party, won one third of the popular vote and 11 northern states Know-Nothings Put up a candidate but dissolved over the slavery issue Democrats Won with James Buchanan promising to stop the “agitation of the slavery issue” Free-Soil Party Was absorbed into the Republican Party Within a year of the election, another event intensified the divisions in the nation over slavery. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the case of Dred Scott, an enslaved man who sued for his freedom on the grounds that his owner had taken him to a free state. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney handed down a controversial decision in March, 1857. • The court ruled against Scott, saying that slaves were property and as such were not allowed to sue in court. • The court further ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. • The Dred Scott decision pleased the South, but angered the North and abolitionists. In 1858, in a race for the Illinois senate seat, Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln debated the issue of slavery. The seven Lincoln-Douglas debates received national attention. Lincoln Douglas Spoke with direct and deliberate tone focusing on how slavery was a struggle between right and wrong Had an energetic, commanding voice and spoke of the political issues Opposed the KansasNebraska Act, popular sovereignty, and the Dred Scott decision Supported the KansasNebraska Act and popular sovereignty Opposed the annexation of Texas Supported the annexation of Texas Both candidates believed the issue of slavery had to be resolved peacefully, within the framework of laws. Douglas margin. The won the Senate seat by a slim debates gave Lincoln the national recognition that would be important in the 1860 presidential election. Radical abolitionist John Brown believed that violence was the best way to end the evil of slavery. In 1859, Brown organized a small party of men and attacked a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. John Brown’s raid failed in its purpose, but it intensified national division. • Brown was arrested, tried, and executed. • Although Lincoln and other Republicans condemned Brown, many northern abolitionists considered him a martyr. • Southerners were outraged that a man who had planned a slave revolt was hailed as a hero. By the end of the 1850s, attempts at compromise over slavery had failed. The possibility of war between the North and South grew stronger. Terms and People • • • • • Jefferson Davis – Mississippi senator who became president of the Confederacy John C. Breckinridge – southern Democrat nominated for president in the 1860 election Confederate States of America – government of southern states that seceded from the United States and fought against the Union in the Civil War Crittenden Compromise – proposed constitutional amendment allowing slavery in western territories south of the Missouri Compromise line Fort Sumter – federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina, where the first shots of Civil War were fired How did the Union finally collapse into a civil war? Despite repeated attempts at compromise, disagreement between the North and the South over the issue of slavery deepened. With the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency, the crisis came to a head. Issues leading up to the election of 1860 • Uncertainty about whether Kansas would be a slave state or free state • Northern anger over the Dred Scott decision and Fugitive Slave Act • Concern over whether slavery would be allowed in the territories With ill will running so deep between the North and the South, it was hard to imagine that either side would accept a President from the other region. Four candidates sought election in 1860. John C. Breckinridge • Southern Democrat • Kentucky • Platform: The federal government must protect slavery. Stephen Douglas • Northern Democrat • Illinois • Platform: When territories become states, the issue of slavery should be decided by popular sovereignty. Abraham Lincoln • Republican • Illinois • Platform: Slavery must not be allowed in the territories. John Bell • Constitutional Unionist • Tennessee • Platform: The federal government should support slavery and also defend the Union. With no national candidate dominating the campaign, Lincoln won with just over half of the electoral votes needed and 40 percent of the popular vote. The vote for Abraham Lincoln was mostly a vote for moderation toward the issue of slavery and a vote for the Union. However the South, which overwhelmingly voted for Breckenridge, felt it no longer had a voice in the national government. It seemed there was no way to bridge the gap between the North and South. South Carolina was the first southern state to leave the Union. X At a state convention held on December 20, 1860, legislators voted to secede. It was a unanimous vote. Many of the states with the largest enslaved populations seceded. Outgoing President Buchanan lamented the breakup of the Union. • • • However, he made no serious effort to resolve the crisis. Within weeks, six other Southern states followed South Carolina and established the Confederate States of America. These states were: Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas The constitution of the Confederate States of America • closely resembled the U.S. Constitution. • stressed the independence of each state. • implied that states had the right to secede. • forbid importing new slaves from other countries. Jefferson Davis, former senator from Mississippi, became president of the Confederate States of America. Some politicians sought to keep the Union together. The Crittenden Compromise proposed to allow slavery in western territories south of the Missouri Compromise line. This constitutional amendment was voted down by a narrow margin of senators. President Lincoln urged peace between the Confederacy and the Union. He decided to try to hold on to the Union forts the Confederacy claimed, such as Fort Sumter. However, Confederate forces attacked and captured the Fort Sumter in defiance of Lincoln. After Fort Sumter fell, Lincoln declared that insurrection existed. Four more southern states immediately joined the Confederacy. A Nation Divided by Civil War • The issue of slavery had long divided the nation, even at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. • The economic sectional differences in the mid-1800s also greatly contributed to the national division. • Predictions were the Civil War would be short, but it lasted for four terrible years.