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Terms and People
•
Wilmot Proviso – outlawed slavery in lands
won from Mexico
•
Free-Soil Party – a political party that
promised free soil, free speech, free labor,
and free men
•
popular sovereignty – followers believed
a territory’s voters should decide themselves
whether to allow slavery
Terms and People (continued)
•
secede – to break away, especially from
the Union
•
Compromise of 1850 – legislation designed
to avoid division between North and South
over slavery
•
Fugitive Slave Act – stringent laws that
required citizens to apprehend fugitive slaves
How did Congress try to resolve the
dispute between North and South
over slavery?
As the nation expanded, the problem of slavery
became a divisive and difficult issue to resolve.
Different economies and viewpoints of the North
and the South hindered compromise.
The North,
a manufacturing society
The South,
an agricultural society
• Cities and towns were
trade centers
• Cities and towns were
few and far between
• Factories and farms
produced goods
• Large plantations and small
farms were source
of wealth
• Paid labor source,
few slaves
• Many immigrants
• Enslaved labor force of
African Americans
• Few immigrants

Why would some northerners be sympathetic
to the southern views on slavery? Why would
they want slavery to continue?
Slavery and the North
Slavery and the South
Few people had slaves, and
slavery ended by 1860.
Slavery was an integral part
of life with over one million
enslaved African Americans.
Early in the 1800s, some
northerners began to work for
the abolition of slavery.
Many believed God intended
blacks to provide labor for
whites.
Many northern states limited
the rights and migration of
free African Americans, so
many white northerners had
little contact with them.
Southerners claimed that
enslaved people were healthier
and happier than northern
wage earners.
Since the passage of the Missouri Compromise
in 1820, Congress had tried to maintain a
balance of free states and slave states.
The North
wanted new
territories to be
free states.
The South
wanted new
territories to be
slave states.
In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso, proposed that all lands
acquired from Mexico would be free territories. It was
defeated, but it brought the issue of slavery to the
forefront of public debate.
In
the election of 1848, the
Democrats and the Whigs split
over the issue of slavery, and a
third party was formed, the
Free-Soil Party.
Former
President Martin Van
Buren ran on the Free-Soil Party
against Whig Zachary Taylor and
Democrat Lewis Cass. Taylor was
elected.
Although
the Free-Soil party lost the election,
it had a large influence on politics.
Platform
Impact
“Free soil, free speech,
free labor, and free men.”
It won 10 percent
of the vote
Keep slavery out of the
western territories.
It raised the question as to
who would decide the
slavery issue.
A national platform
of “freedom.”
Tensions increased when
California sought to join the
Union as a free state.
The
Democrats and Whigs were forced to
address the slavery issue.
Both parties supported popular sovereignty, or
having voters in a territory decide whether their
territory would be free or allow slavery.
Having voters decide had wide appeal since it
seemed in keeping with the tradition of American
democracy. It would also remove Congress from
the controversy.
Once
again, the slavery issue was debated in
the Senate by three political leaders.
Daniel Webster
from the North
John Calhoun
from the South
Henry Clay
from the West
Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850,
a series of resolutions that made concessions
to both the North and South.
The North
The South
California would be admitted
to the Union as a free state.
Congress would pass a
stricter Fugitive Slave Act.
The territories of New Mexico Slavery would be enforced in
and Utah would decide on
Washington, D.C., although
slavery by a vote.
the slave trade would end.

Read Calhoun and Webster’s opinions and
answer the two questions.
During a heated debate in the Senate, Calhoun and
Webster took different stands on the compromise.
Calhoun
• Clay’s compromise did not
give the South enough
protection.
• The South would break away
from the Union if it did not get
its demands on the slavery
issue.
• Any state had the right to
secede if it disagreed with
national laws.
Webster
• The states should rally to
the cause of unity.
• Sectional compromise was
needed in order to preserve
the Union.
• Webster supported popular
sovereignty.
Congress passed the Compromise of
1850, and President Millard Fillmore
signed it into law.
•
The compromise was supposed to bring
calm to the nation, but many people
were dissatisfied.
•
Northerners were particularly upset by the
Fugitive Slave Act.
•
Larger crises loomed in the decade ahead.
Terms and People
•
•
•
•
personal liberty laws – laws passed in the
North that nullified the Fugitive Slave Act
Underground Railroad – a secret network of
people who helped slaves escape from the South
Harriet Tubman – a woman who led slaves into
freedom through the Underground Railroad
Harriet Beecher Stowe – author of a best-selling
novel that condemned slavery
Terms and People (continued)
•
•
•
Kansas-Nebraska Act – divided the
Nebraska region into two territories, giving
voters in each area the right to decide
whether or not to allow slavery
John Brown – a northern abolitionist who
used violence
“Bleeding Kansas” – term used to describe
Kansas, where violence broke out between
proslavery and antislavery supporters
How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions
between the North and the South?
The Compromise of 1850 resolved the
slavery issues only for a short time.
The conflict over the slavery turned violent
with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law
and the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
By
the mid-1800s,
slavery was a national
issue. Every American
from the North, the
South, and the West had
an opinion.
The Fugitive Slave Act angered northerners.
The
Fugitive Slave Act, part of the Compromise of
1850, required all citizens to catch and return runaway
slaves.
Some Northern
states passed
personal liberty
laws. These laws
• Nullified the Fugitive Act
• Enabled state officials to
arrest slave catchers for
kidnapping free African
Americans
• Increased northern
white support of
abolitionism
Abolitionists took action to save
enslaved people.
Free blacks and
Northern abolitionists
organized an escape
network called the
Underground
Railroad.
The
map shows the routes “conductors”
used to lead enslaved blacks to freedom.
A
fugitive slave from
Maryland, Harriet Tubman,
was called the “Black Moses”
because she led so many
people to freedom on the
Underground Railroad.
Popular novels condemned slavery,
gaining northern support for abolition
and infuriating the South.
•
•
White abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which gave readers
compassion for the nonviolent enslaved Tom.
Black abolitionist Martin Delany wrote Blake in
which enslaved Blake chooses to rebel violently
against slavery.
Tensions
greatly increased between the
North and the South as
•
African Americans increased their resistance
•
The abolitionist movement grew stronger in the
North and West
•
The question of whether a new territory should
become a slave or free state arose again in the
Nebraska territory
Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854.
• The legislation divided the Nebraska territory into
Kansas and Nebraska. Residents of each territory
would vote to allow or outlaw slavery.
• In effect, it nullified the Missouri Compromise by
allowing slavery to spread in areas where it had
been banned.
• Congress assumed Kansas would become a slave
state and Nebraska a free state.
• Northerners and Southerners went to Kansas to
influence the vote.
The Kansas-Nebraska
Act set off violence
between proslavery
and antislavery forces
in Kansas.



Proslavery residents
from Missouri, know as
Border Ruffians,
attacked the antislavery
town of Lawrence.
Northern abolitionist
John Brown responded
by killing five proslavery
settlers.
Both sides armed
for battle.
Describing
the violence
in Kansas, reporters
called the territory
“Bleeding Kansas.”
Conflict
in Kansas was inevitable.
The
South wanted Kansas to be a slave state.
The
North wanted Kansas to be a free state.
In 1861, after the
Civil War started,
Kansas joined the
Union as a free state.
The national tension over slavery grew
wider and deeper, with violence spreading
even to Congress.
Violence
over the slavery issue broke out on
the floor of the U.S. Senate. Southern
Representative Preston Brooks badly beat
Northern Senator Charles Sumner with a cane.
Terms and People
•
•
•
•
Know-Nothings – members of an anti-immigrant
movement
Republican Party – political party founded in
1854 that opposed slavery
Dred Scott – a Missouri slave who sued for his
freedom
Roger B. Taney – chief justice of the Supreme
Court that ruled against Dred Scott
Terms and People (continued)
•
•
•
Abraham Lincoln – Republican politician from
Illinois who opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Stephen A. Douglas – an Illinois politician,
rival to Lincoln, who supported the KansasNebraska Act
Harper’s Ferry – Location of federal arsenal
that John Brown tried to seize to arm a
revolution against slavery
What developments deepened the
divisions between the North and South?
By the mid-1850s, negotiation and compromise
seemed unable to resolve a deep divide that had
developed between sections of the nation.
As westward expansion continued, these deep
sectional differences threatened to tear the
nation apart.
Politics
reflected regional divisions. In
the presidential election of 1856, there
were five political parties.
Whig Party
Failed to nominate a candidate
Republican Party
New antislavery party, won one third of the
popular vote and 11 northern states
Know-Nothings
Put up a candidate but dissolved over
the slavery issue
Democrats
Won with James Buchanan promising to stop
the “agitation of the slavery issue”
Free-Soil Party
Was absorbed into the Republican Party
Within a year of the election, another
event intensified the divisions in the nation
over slavery.
The
U.S. Supreme
Court ruled on the
case of Dred Scott,
an enslaved man
who sued for his
freedom on the
grounds that his
owner had taken
him to a free state.
Chief
Justice Roger B. Taney handed
down a controversial decision in March,
1857.
• The court ruled against Scott, saying that
slaves were property and as such were not
allowed to sue in court.
• The court further ruled that the Missouri
Compromise was unconstitutional.
• The Dred Scott decision pleased the South,
but angered the North and abolitionists.
In 1858, in a race for the Illinois senate seat,
Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln
debated the issue of slavery.
The seven Lincoln-Douglas debates received
national attention.
Lincoln
Douglas
Spoke with direct and
deliberate tone focusing on
how slavery was a struggle
between right and wrong
Had an energetic,
commanding voice and
spoke of the political issues
Opposed the KansasNebraska Act, popular
sovereignty, and the Dred
Scott decision
Supported the KansasNebraska Act and popular
sovereignty
Opposed the annexation
of Texas
Supported the annexation
of Texas
Both candidates believed the issue of slavery
had to be resolved peacefully, within the
framework of laws.
Douglas
margin.
The
won the Senate seat by a slim
debates gave Lincoln the national
recognition that would be important in the
1860 presidential election.
Radical abolitionist John Brown believed
that violence was the best way to end the
evil of slavery.
In 1859, Brown
organized a small
party of men
and attacked a
federal arsenal at
Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia.
John
Brown’s raid failed in its purpose,
but it intensified national division.
• Brown was arrested,
tried, and executed.
• Although Lincoln and other
Republicans condemned
Brown, many northern
abolitionists considered
him a martyr.
• Southerners were
outraged that a man who
had planned a slave revolt
was hailed as a hero.
By the end of the 1850s,
attempts at compromise over slavery had failed.
The possibility of war between the North
and South grew stronger.
Terms and People
•
•
•
•
•
Jefferson Davis – Mississippi senator who became
president of the Confederacy
John C. Breckinridge – southern Democrat
nominated for president in the 1860 election
Confederate States of America – government of
southern states that seceded from the United States
and fought against the Union in the Civil War
Crittenden Compromise – proposed constitutional
amendment allowing slavery in western territories
south of the Missouri Compromise line
Fort Sumter – federal fort in Charleston, South
Carolina, where the first shots of Civil War were fired
How did the Union finally collapse into
a civil war?
Despite repeated attempts at compromise,
disagreement between the North and the South over
the issue of slavery deepened.
With the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency,
the crisis came to a head.
Issues leading up to the election of 1860
• Uncertainty about whether Kansas would be a slave
state or free state
• Northern anger over the Dred Scott decision and
Fugitive Slave Act
• Concern over whether slavery would be allowed in
the territories
With ill will running so deep between the North and the
South, it was hard to imagine that either side would accept
a President from the other region.
Four candidates sought election in 1860.
John C. Breckinridge
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Southern Democrat
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Kentucky
•
Platform: The federal
government must protect
slavery.
Stephen Douglas
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Northern Democrat
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Illinois
•
Platform: When territories
become states, the issue of
slavery should be decided by
popular sovereignty.
Abraham Lincoln
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Republican
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Illinois
•
Platform: Slavery must not
be allowed in the territories.
John Bell
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Constitutional Unionist
•
Tennessee
•
Platform: The federal
government should
support slavery and also
defend the Union.
With
no
national
candidate
dominating the
campaign,
Lincoln won
with just over
half of the
electoral votes
needed and 40
percent of the
popular vote.
The vote for
Abraham Lincoln
was mostly a vote
for moderation
toward the issue
of slavery and a
vote for the Union.
However the South, which
overwhelmingly voted for
Breckenridge, felt it no
longer had a voice in the
national government.
It seemed there was no
way to bridge the gap
between the North and
South.
South
Carolina was
the first southern state
to leave the Union.
X
At
a state convention
held on December 20,
1860, legislators voted
to secede. It was a
unanimous vote.
Many of the states with the largest enslaved
populations seceded.
Outgoing President Buchanan lamented the
breakup of the Union.
•
•
•
However, he made no serious effort to
resolve the crisis.
Within weeks, six other Southern states
followed South Carolina and established
the Confederate States of America.
These states were: Alabama, Georgia,
Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South
Carolina, Texas
The constitution of the Confederate
States of America
•
closely resembled the U.S. Constitution.
•
stressed the independence of each state.
•
implied that states had the right to secede.
•
forbid importing new slaves from other
countries.
Jefferson
Davis,
former senator from
Mississippi, became
president of the
Confederate States of
America.
Some politicians sought
to keep the Union
together.
The Crittenden
Compromise proposed
to allow slavery in
western territories south
of the Missouri
Compromise line.
This constitutional
amendment was
voted down by a
narrow margin of
senators.
President
Lincoln urged
peace between the
Confederacy and the Union.
He decided to try to hold on
to the Union forts the
Confederacy claimed, such
as Fort Sumter.
However, Confederate
forces attacked and
captured the Fort Sumter
in defiance of Lincoln.
After
Fort Sumter
fell, Lincoln
declared that
insurrection
existed.
Four more southern
states immediately
joined the
Confederacy.
A
Nation Divided by Civil War
•
The issue of slavery had long divided the
nation, even at the Constitutional
Convention in 1787.
•
The economic sectional differences in the
mid-1800s also greatly contributed to the
national division.
•
Predictions were the Civil War would be
short, but it lasted for four terrible years.