Download Civil War Part I

Inevitable?
Was there anything Lincoln (or
those before him) could have
done to settle the sectional
conflict peaceably?
“ I do not see how a barbarous
community and a civilized community can
constitute in one state” R.W.E.
These people hate us, annoy us, and
would have us assassinated by our
slaves if they dared. They are different
people from us, and there is no love
between us. Why then continue
together?
Frederick Grimke’s Views
– Separation of powers works not bc powers
are equally distributed within the government,
but bc all branches are responsible to the will
of the people
– The open affirmation of the right to secession
would serve to maintain the union, not destroy
it.
Summary of Major
Civil War Battles
Western & Eastern
Campaigns
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
North vs. South in 1861
North
Advantages
Disadvantages
South
A Call to Action
• Lincoln’s inaugural address called for restoration and
peace; however, he did make a warning that if
Confederates fired on any federal property, this would
mean war
• “ an insurrection too powerful to be suppressed by the
ordinary judicial proceedings
• 75,000 troops provided by the states for 3 months ( or
90 days) of service
• No African Americans allowed
• 4 other states then seceded, including Virginia – Capital
city of the Confederacy
A Northern View of Jeff Davis
The Confederate Seal
“With God as our Vindicator”
1st Battle of Bull Run– July 21, 1861
• Union General: Irvin McDowell
• Conf. General: P.G.T. Beauregard
• Neither sides troops adequately
prepared
• Lincoln nor Congress want to hear this – orders
McDowell to march to Manassas
(4 days to march 25 miles
• “Picnic Spectators”
• North attacked Conf. left flank well at first,
forcing South to retreat
• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
• Fighting slows until fresh group of southern troops arrived and counterattacked
• Union army retreated --- “Picnic sprint”
• Union losses: 2896 (up the enlistment period to 2 years)
• Conf. losses: 1982
The Anaconda Plan & The Battle of the Ironclads
The CSS Virginia (Merrimack)
Iron plates on a wooden propeller
driven ship Vs.The Monitor
Aging General Winfield Scott is
Irvin McDowell is Replaced by
George McClellan
The Battle of Hampton Roads – tie
Blockade of South was maintained
Ulysses S. Grant’s Early Victories
• Union achieved great success in west, not
the east early on in the war
• Battles at Ft. Henry and Donelson,
Feb.6, 1862 – control Mississippi River
– Defensive forts erected by C along Tenn &
Cumberland Rivers (between KY and TN)
– Engaged his former roommate General Simon
Buckner
• “Unconditional Surrender” Grant
The Battle of Shiloh
• April 6-7, 1862
• U: Grant, 42000
• C: Albert Sidney Johnston,
P.G.T. Beauregard,
• 2 days of fighting
– 1st day: Union army pushed
back to Tenn. River
– 2nd day: Surprise
counterattack by Union and
Beauregard gave order to
retreat
• Union victory “bloodiest
battle in U.S. history thus
far”
• @ 23000 casualties
Shiloh – log church
Pittsburg Landing
The Battle for New Orleans
• April 25, 1862: Union officer David
Farragut led the successful assault on
New Orleans – Union’s 1st great victory in
1862
• Pushed North and captured Natchez,
Mississippi
• By June, only 2 major ports on Miss. River
now remain in Confederate hands
– Vicksburg, MS and Port Hudson, LA
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
John Pope
Joseph Hooker
McClellan Again
Irvin McDowell
George McClellan
Henry W. Halleck
George Meade
Ambrose Burnside
Ulysses S. Grant
Confederate Generals
Albert S. Johnston
Stonewall Jackson
Robert E. Lee
Joseph Johnston
P.G.T. Beuaregard
James Longstreet
Jeb Stuart
Nathan Forest
George Pickett
War in the East
The Peninsular Campaign – McClellan’s
attempt to capture Richmond, VA
• Efficient military leader, but overly cautious
• Union moves 100000 troops north to Rich
• April 1862, lay siege to Yorktown
• May 1862 Battle of Seven Pines
– U: McClellan C: Joseph Johnston (Union Vic)
– Johnston wounded, replaced by Lee as
overall head of army
– McClellan asks for more troops rather than
marching to Richmond, within his grasp
War in East
• The Seven Day’s Battle (June 25-July 1,
1862)
– McClellan vs. Lee (Jackson)
– James Jeb Stuart – cavalry unit
– McClellan is pushed back from Richmond
– U casualties: 16,000 C casualties: 20,000, but
Confed. victory
– Peninsula Campaign unsuccessful –
McClellan is sacked and Halleck appointed
War chief of staff; Pope given Field Command
War in the East
Second Battle of Bull Run – Aug. 30, 1862
- U: General Pope
C: Lee, Jackson,
James Longstreet
- Pope encounters Lee on way to Richmond
- Jackson’s plan with Lee waiting in the wings
- Halleck unable to motivate McClellan to reinforce
Pope in timely manner
- Pope pushed all the way back to Washington D.C
- U casualties: @13,380 C casualties: @8000
- Pope is sacked as Field Commander, Halleck is also
sacked.
- McClellan reinstated!
Antietam -Sept. 17, 1862, Sharpsburg, MD
• Lee takes the offensive –
1ast attempt to invade North
– (hoping for foreign support)
• U: McClellan (Burnside,
Hooker) @87,000
• C: Lee (Longstreet,
Jackson) @ 40,000
• A moment that alters history
“the note” – wrapped around
pack of cigar
• Lee had divided his army to
attack Harpers Ferry
• “Bloodiest single day battle
in all of U.S. military history”
• Union: @12k Conf: @ 10K
• Lee retreats (loses about
25% of his army) but
McClellan fails to pursue him
A Shift in War Goals
•
July 1862 – Legislation allowing
African Americans to serve in
Union military
•
Lincoln concludes changing war to
be about slavery would help
weaken southern economy
•
Jan. 1, 1863 – “Military Order”
•
•
Read Primary Source Doc.
What does it say & do?
The Famous 54th Mass Regiment –
Ft. Wagner, July 1863
Col. Robert Shaw
Sgt. William Carney - CMH
Over 180,000 AA fought
in Union Army
Battle of Fredericksburg, VA – Dec. 11-13, 1862
• New General – Ambrose Burnside
• U: 122,000
C: 72,000
• Strategy: march his 122,000 soldiers straight toward Richmond,
cross Rappahannock River, and engage Lee in an unexpected
frontal attack
• A depressing defeat for the Union
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•
•
1. No element of surprise
2. Pontoon bridges come up heavy fire by Confederacy
3. Urban Warfare – Confeds. Occupy the town
4. 4 foot stone wall fortification on higher ground
5. Sharpshooters on higher ground devastate Burnside’s men
– “The Great slaughter pen” – Burnside ordered men across open plain
field on morning of Dec. 13th (6 union assaults are easily repulsed by
Lee whose men were defensively positioned behind a 4ft stone wall on
Marye’s Heights
– 12,000 for Union vs. 5,000 for Confeds.
Battle of Chancellorsville
April 30, 1863 – May 4, 1863
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•
•
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General Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker replaces Burnside
Union: 134,000, Conf: 60,000
Known as Lee’s Greatest Masterpiece
Hooker’s Plan: divide his large army into 3 parts in order to cut off
supply lines and attack flanks
• Hooker overly hesitant as well – when he first engages Lee, he
backs off & it becomes a defensive battle
• Lee’s Perfect battle: His plan is to divide his army and attacked
Union forces from two sides (Hooker’s right flank weakest
– Jackson’s daring plan – secret 14 mile march through wilderness (about
25,000 men) undergrowth able to catch Hooker’s troops off guard,
– causing flank to crumble within 15 minutes
– Hooker continued to fall back, hesitant to attack even when he gets
additional 20,000 fresh Union forces in the morning
Battle of Chancellorsville Cont.
• May 3, Hooker is wounded, Union forces begin retreat across river
• Although outnumbered, Lee had won this battle with brilliance and
bravery
• 3-day battle: 30,000 dead
– Union casualties: 17,000 Conf: 13,000
• The Worst Casualty: Stonewall Jackson
– Shot by own men in thick forest
– “Jackson has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right”
• This battle would be Lee’s last great tactical victories of the war!
Dead at Chancellorsville
Buy Your Way Out of Military Service
Suspension of Habeas Corpus
Copperheads
Ex parte
Merryman