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Reconstruction Chapter 9 Georgia after the War Atlanta Depot after Sherman’s departure Most houses, farms and businesses had been destroyed Businesses and banks were not functioning Lack of food; Starvation Confederate money was worthless $20 million in war debt Many adult males died or were injured and required care The Freedmen’s Bureau Freedman: former slave Homeless, uneducated, and “broken” Suffered from discrimination and fear Freedmen’s Bureau: helped both blacks and whites recover and get back on their feet 1st Commissioner: Oliver O. Howard (Union Gen.) Founded Howard University i.e.. clothing, food, shelter… Helped Freedmen with voting (ballots), land and education Political Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan All southerners, except for high-ranking Confederate civil and military leaders, would be pardoned after taking an “oath of allegiance”. 10% of the voters had to agree to rejoin the Union before permission was granted Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre (April 14, 1865) 1. 2. “Our American Cousin” Andrew Johnson (VP) becomes President Ford’s Theatre in Wash. DC Political Reconstruction II 1. Johnson’s Plan Johnson expanded the group of Southerners who were NOT pardoned by the Union Andrew Johnson People who owned property of more than $20,000, had to apply directly to the President 2. Plantation in Washington, GA Plantation Owners Johnson also required Southern states to write new constitutions that abolished slavery Radical Republicans Radical Republican: Northern Republican Senators who wanted to punish the South for slavery and secession. Called for stronger requirements to rejoin the Union Felt that blacks would become disenfranchised (Voting rights taken away) Due to this pressure, Johnson added 3 more requirements: 1. 2. 3. States had to repeal secession ordinances States had to void all war debt States had to ratify 13th Amendment: abolished slavery Freedman’s Official trying to keep the southern peace PHASE I Governor’s Mansion in Milledgeville Celebration of Emancipation Georgia’s Constitutional Convention of 1865 James Johnson: GA’s Provisional Governor Repealed ordinance of secession Voted to outlaw slavery Wrote a new constitution Ratified the 13th Amendment Elected a governor (Charles Jenkins), Senators, and House Reps. ALL requirements for reconstruction had been met! Georgia Discrimination Even though Georgia voted to give civil rights to freed blacks, they were greatly limited. Black Codes: designed to restrict the rights of freedmen. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Regulated employment Permitted whipping as punishment Allowed imprisonment of unemployed blacks Restricted jury participation Rejected voting rights PHASE II General John Pope Reconstruction Military Districts Because of Georgia’s use of the Black Codes, they were not allowed statehood until a new set of requirements were met! 14th Amendment: Forbids any state from making laws that would limit the rights and privileges of ANY citizen. Georgia refused to ratify Military rule enacted in 1867 Southern States divided into 5 Military Districts Georgia, Alabama, Florida: 3rd Military District General John Pope Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Cartoonists rendering of a Carpetbagger Scalawags: southerners who supported the Radical Republicans Reconstruction plans. Carpetbaggers: northerners who had moved into the South to help carry out Congress’ Reconstruction Plan. They came to earn money and take advantage of the situation at hand. Black Georgian Delegates Delegates at the GA Constitutional Convention of 1867 Tunis G. Campbell: native of New Jersey and a Freedmen’s Bureau agent. Henry Turner: born free in S.C. Introduced laws that kept people who couldn’t pay their debts out of prison. Tunis G. Campbell 1st Black chaplain in US Army Aaron Bradley: GA slave who escaped to NY…outspoken, quick tempered Expelled from Convention Elected to GA Senate (1868) Henry Turner Ku Klux Klan (KKK) “Worse than slavery!” This is why the Rebel Flag has problems! Secret racist organization that tried to keep blacks from using their civil rights Began in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1865 Ex-Confederate Soldiers who felt the war was still be fought. Georgia Government Rufus Bullock Early Milledgeville Capital moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta due to the fact that Milledgeville would not accommodate the black delegates (1868) Rufus Bullock became governor (Native to New York) Georgia had met all Phase II requirements to enter the Union PHASE III The Georgia General Assembly expelled 28 of 32 black legislatures. Georgia Act: placed Georgia under military rule for the 3rd time. 15th Amendment: rights of citizens to vote and hold political office cannot be denied… Georgia had to ratify before applying for statehood. Economic Reconstruction Economic Civil War Fallout Banks failed Confederate money worthless 2/3 railroads unusable War debt Former Slaves without jobs, homes, food… Farmers without workers Reconstruction Promise to obtain votes: “40 acres and a mule…” to all freedmen who voted. Using and repairing the land Sharecropping: land owner provides land, shelter, tools, animals, seed, fertilizer…workers agreed to give land owners a share of the harvest. Tenant Farming: similar to sharecropping…the difference being that the tenants owned agricultural equipment and farm animals…bought their own seed and fertilizer. Most ended in debt Profitable Both allowed farmers (land owners) to keep their farms in operation without spending money. 1870-Georgia began to exceed prewar cotton production The Coastal Region was not as lucky Reconstruction Gains With Northern financial help, textile mills, banks, railroads and businesses started to make its way out of the rubble. Savannah and Brunswick were again becoming the leading export ports in the South. History of Atlanta “Zero” Milepost Founded in 1837, by railroad engineer Stephen Long Early Marietta grew due to railroads 1st called Terminus…as a route for Georgia State Railroad (Ended here!) Marthasville…in honor of Governor Lumpkin’s Daughter Atlanta…due to the freight markings of ATL “Atlantic” as a destination… Before the war, Atlanta was Georgia’s 4th largest city and grew steadily through the war. After a proud rebuilding period, Atlanta became the capital in 1868. Social and Cultural Reconstruction RELIGION Church membership grew rapidly…especially as houses of worship were rebuilt Episcopalians reunited with their churches in the North Woodstock Baptist Church Baptists did not reunite and remain a “Southern” religious organization Black churches grew in number and influence Social and Cultural Reconstruction Education Improved with northern money and missionary help 1870-the General Assembly passed an Act to “…establish a system of public education…” Divided state into local school districts Provided state school commissioner Provided state board of education 1869-Georgia Education Association formed Gustavus J. Orr-Father of Georgia Public Education (1st Chairman) 4 Month school year due to need for agricultural help on farms Segregation in Education 1870: separate but equal schools for blacks and whites 1872: “Equal as far as practicable.” Social and Cultural Reconstruction Literature “Little Women” by Louisa Mae Alcott “A side show of the Southern Side of the War” by Bill Arp (Pen name for Charles Henry Smith) National Magazine “The Saturday Press” Georgia magazine for farming “The Atlantic Monthly” Humor to describe woes of defeated South “Southern Cultivator” The trials of a New England family during the Civil War Published in New York…brought fame to Mark Twain 1868: Atlanta Constitution…”Voice of the South” Newspaper Credits Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 2: http://www.ngeorgia.com/history/reconstruction.html 4: http://www.nps.gov/foth/index2.htm 4: http://www.celebritymorgue.com/abraham-lincoln/ 5: http://www.americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=17 5: http://www.washingtonplantation.com/ 6: http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cab11.htm 7: http://www.gcsu.edu/acad_affairs/ce_ps/mansion/visit.htm 7: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery_pictures.htm 9: http://www.civilwarhome.com/popebio.htm 9: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ushist/timeline/recnstrc.htm 10: http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/score_lessons/reconstruction_of_the_south/pages/resources.html 11: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAturnerHM.htm 11: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/Religion/HistoricalFigures&id=h-2903 12: http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1010.html 12: http://www.indexstock.com/store/Chubby.asp?ImageNumber=423144 13: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-4810 13: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ga/county/baldwin/home.html 14: http://www.washburn.k12.il.us/school%20jr%20high/department%20social%20studies/aeschliman/civilwar.html 15: http://www.imh.org/imh/bw/mule.html 16: http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/brown/photos.htm 17: http://www.brunswickga.org/ 18: http://roadsidegeorgia.com/city/marietta.html 18: http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/atlanta/wes.htm 19: http://www.fbcw.org/info/default2.html 21: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/sepbutequal.htm