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Reconstruction
Chapter 9
Georgia after the War
Atlanta Depot after Sherman’s departure
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Most houses, farms and businesses had been destroyed
Businesses and banks were not functioning
Lack of food; Starvation
Confederate money was worthless
$20 million in war debt
Many adult males died or were injured and required care
The Freedmen’s Bureau
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Freedman: former slave
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Homeless, uneducated, and “broken”
Suffered from discrimination and fear
Freedmen’s Bureau: helped both blacks
and whites recover and get back on their feet
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1st Commissioner: Oliver O. Howard (Union Gen.)
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Founded Howard University
i.e.. clothing, food, shelter…
Helped Freedmen with voting (ballots), land and
education
Political Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan
All southerners, except for
high-ranking Confederate
civil and military leaders,
would be pardoned after
taking an “oath of
allegiance”.
10% of the voters had to
agree to rejoin the Union
before permission was
granted
Lincoln was assassinated by
John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s
Theatre (April 14, 1865)
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“Our American Cousin”
Andrew Johnson (VP)
becomes President
Ford’s Theatre in Wash. DC
Political Reconstruction II
1.
Johnson’s Plan
Johnson expanded the
group of Southerners who
were NOT pardoned by the
Union
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Andrew Johnson
People who owned
property of more than
$20,000, had to apply
directly to the President
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2.
Plantation in Washington, GA
Plantation Owners
Johnson also required
Southern states to write
new constitutions that
abolished slavery
Radical Republicans
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Radical Republican: Northern Republican Senators who
wanted to punish the South for slavery and secession.
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Called for stronger requirements to rejoin the Union
Felt that blacks would become disenfranchised (Voting rights
taken away)
Due to this pressure, Johnson added 3 more requirements:
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States had to repeal secession ordinances
States had to void all war debt
States had to ratify 13th Amendment: abolished slavery
Freedman’s Official trying to keep the southern peace
PHASE I
Governor’s Mansion in Milledgeville
Celebration of Emancipation
Georgia’s Constitutional Convention of 1865
James Johnson: GA’s Provisional Governor
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Repealed ordinance of secession
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Voted to outlaw slavery
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Wrote a new constitution
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Ratified the 13th Amendment
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Elected a governor (Charles Jenkins), Senators, and House Reps.
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ALL requirements for reconstruction had been met!
Georgia Discrimination
Even though Georgia voted to give civil rights to
freed blacks, they were greatly limited.
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Black Codes: designed to restrict the
rights of freedmen.
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Regulated employment
Permitted whipping as punishment
Allowed imprisonment of unemployed
blacks
Restricted jury participation
Rejected voting rights
PHASE II
General John Pope
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Reconstruction Military Districts
Because of Georgia’s use of the Black Codes, they were not
allowed statehood until a new set of requirements were met!
14th Amendment: Forbids any state from making laws that would
limit the rights and privileges of ANY citizen.
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Georgia refused to ratify
Military rule enacted in 1867
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Southern States divided into 5 Military Districts
Georgia, Alabama, Florida: 3rd Military District
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General John Pope
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
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Cartoonists rendering of a Carpetbagger
Scalawags: southerners who
supported the Radical
Republicans Reconstruction
plans.
Carpetbaggers: northerners
who had moved into the
South to help carry out
Congress’ Reconstruction
Plan.
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They came to earn money
and take advantage of the
situation at hand.
Black Georgian Delegates
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Delegates at the GA
Constitutional Convention
of 1867
Tunis G. Campbell: native of
New Jersey and a Freedmen’s
Bureau agent.
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Henry Turner: born free in S.C.
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Introduced laws that kept
people who couldn’t pay their
debts out of prison.
Tunis G. Campbell
1st Black chaplain in US Army
Aaron Bradley: GA slave who
escaped to NY…outspoken,
quick tempered
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Expelled from Convention
Elected to GA Senate (1868)
Henry Turner
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
“Worse than slavery!”
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This is why the Rebel Flag has problems!
Secret racist organization that tried to keep blacks
from using their civil rights
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Began in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1865
Ex-Confederate Soldiers who felt the war was still be fought.
Georgia Government
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Rufus Bullock
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Early Milledgeville
Capital moved from
Milledgeville to Atlanta
due to the fact that
Milledgeville would not
accommodate the black
delegates (1868)
Rufus Bullock became
governor (Native to New
York)
Georgia had met all Phase II
requirements to enter the
Union
PHASE III
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The Georgia General Assembly expelled 28 of 32 black legislatures.
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Georgia Act: placed Georgia under military rule for the 3rd time.
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15th Amendment: rights of citizens to vote and hold political office
cannot be denied…
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Georgia had to ratify before applying for statehood.
Economic Reconstruction
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Economic Civil War Fallout
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Banks failed
Confederate money
worthless
2/3 railroads unusable
War debt
Former Slaves without jobs,
homes, food…
Farmers without workers
Reconstruction Promise to
obtain votes:
“40 acres and a mule…” to
all freedmen who voted.
Using and repairing the land
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Sharecropping: land owner
provides land, shelter, tools,
animals, seed, fertilizer…workers
agreed to give land owners a share
of the harvest.
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Tenant Farming: similar to
sharecropping…the difference being
that the tenants owned agricultural
equipment and farm
animals…bought their own seed and
fertilizer.
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Most ended in debt
Profitable
Both allowed farmers (land owners)
to keep their farms in operation
without spending money.
1870-Georgia began to exceed prewar cotton production
The Coastal Region was not as
lucky
Reconstruction Gains
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With Northern financial help, textile mills,
banks, railroads and businesses started to
make its way out of the rubble.
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Savannah and Brunswick were again becoming
the leading export ports in the South.
History of Atlanta
“Zero” Milepost
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Founded in 1837, by railroad engineer Stephen Long
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Early Marietta grew due to railroads
1st called Terminus…as a route for Georgia State Railroad (Ended here!)
Marthasville…in honor of Governor Lumpkin’s Daughter
Atlanta…due to the freight markings of ATL “Atlantic” as a destination…
Before the war, Atlanta was Georgia’s 4th largest city and grew
steadily through the war.
After a proud rebuilding period, Atlanta became the capital in 1868.
Social and Cultural Reconstruction
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RELIGION
Church membership grew
rapidly…especially as houses
of worship were rebuilt
Episcopalians reunited
with their churches in the
North
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Woodstock Baptist Church
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Baptists did not reunite
and remain a “Southern”
religious organization
Black churches grew in
number and influence
Social and Cultural Reconstruction
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Education
Improved with northern money
and missionary help
1870-the General Assembly
passed an Act to “…establish a
system of public education…”
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Divided state into local school
districts
Provided state school
commissioner
Provided state board of
education
1869-Georgia Education
Association formed
Gustavus J. Orr-Father of
Georgia Public Education (1st
Chairman)
4 Month school year due to
need for agricultural help on
farms
Segregation in Education
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1870: separate but equal schools for blacks
and whites
1872: “Equal as far as practicable.”
Social and Cultural Reconstruction
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Literature
“Little Women” by Louisa Mae Alcott
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“A side show of the Southern Side of the War” by Bill Arp
(Pen name for Charles Henry Smith)
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National Magazine
“The Saturday Press”
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Georgia magazine for farming
“The Atlantic Monthly”
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Humor to describe woes of defeated South
“Southern Cultivator”
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The trials of a New England family during the Civil War
Published in New York…brought fame to Mark Twain
1868: Atlanta Constitution…”Voice of the South”
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Newspaper
Credits
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4: http://www.nps.gov/foth/index2.htm
4: http://www.celebritymorgue.com/abraham-lincoln/
5: http://www.americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=17
5: http://www.washingtonplantation.com/
6: http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cab11.htm
7: http://www.gcsu.edu/acad_affairs/ce_ps/mansion/visit.htm
7: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery_pictures.htm
9: http://www.civilwarhome.com/popebio.htm
9: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ushist/timeline/recnstrc.htm
10: http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/score_lessons/reconstruction_of_the_south/pages/resources.html
11: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAturnerHM.htm
11: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/Religion/HistoricalFigures&id=h-2903
12: http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1010.html
12: http://www.indexstock.com/store/Chubby.asp?ImageNumber=423144
13: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-4810
13: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ga/county/baldwin/home.html
14: http://www.washburn.k12.il.us/school%20jr%20high/department%20social%20studies/aeschliman/civilwar.html
15: http://www.imh.org/imh/bw/mule.html
16: http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/brown/photos.htm
17: http://www.brunswickga.org/
18: http://roadsidegeorgia.com/city/marietta.html
18: http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/atlanta/wes.htm
19: http://www.fbcw.org/info/default2.html
21: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/sepbutequal.htm