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RECONSTRUCTION
1865-1876
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Standard(s)/Element(s) Addressed:
• SSUSH10: The student will identify legal,
political, and social dimensions of
Reconstruction.
What are we learning?
Essential Question:
What are the legal, political, and social
dimensions of Reconstruction? What is the
Union rebuilding and how?
Vocabulary
• popular sovereignty
• Presidential
Reconstruction
• Radical Republican
Reconstruction.
• Wade-Davis Bill
• Freedmen’s Bureau.
• Black Codes
• Ku Klux Klan
• Ulysses S. Grant
• Carpetbaggers
• Scalawags
• John Wilkes Booth
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Andrew Johnson
impeachment
Charles Sumner
Rep. Thaddeus
Stevens
Civil Rights Bill of
1865
14th Amendment
Reconstruction Act of
1867
15th Amendment
Rutherford B. Hayes
Presidential
Reconstruction
•
Make it as easy as possible
for the South to rejoin the
Union.
–
•
“charity for all, malice
towards none.”
Proclamation of Amnesty
and Reconstruction.
1.
2.
Full pardon to all
southerners who would
swear allegiance to the
Union.- Confederate officials
excluded.
Each state could draw up a
new constitution, elect new
officials, and return to the
Union if…
a. 10% of voters must take an
oath of allegiance
b. Each person must be a
Lincoln’s
Philosophy
His opposition- the Radical
Republicans
• Group of Republicans
who oppose Lincoln’s
plan for
Reconstruction.
• Doubt the loyalty of
former Confederate
officials.
• Doubt whether former
Confederates would
permit blacks to have
equal rights.
Radical “Theories”
•
•
•
•
•
•
“state suicide”
Charles Sumner
Southern states had
committed suicide when
they secede.
Congress was the only one
with the power to allow
them to become states
again.
Massachusetts
Insists that blacks be
guaranteed political and
legal equality.
Should be educated about
those freedoms.
•
•
•
•
“conquered provinces”
Thaddeus Stevens
The former Confederate
states were conquered
territories, and should be
treated as such.
Punish the South for
treatment of blacks.
Estates of “rebel traitors”
be given to the freed
slaves.
Radical Republican Political Fears
• …fears that white
southerners would reject
the Republican Party
that had waged a war on
them, and join the
Democrats.
• …fears that southern
Democrats would join
the northern Democrats,
and place the
Republicans in the
minority.
•
Plan by the Radicals
to keep power
1. Give voting rights to
the former slaves, who
would surely support
the Republicans.
2. Keep former
Confederate leaders
from voting.
Moderate republicans also oppose
Lincoln
• Moderate Republicans
– Lincoln did not have
the Constitutional
authority as President
to lay down the rules for
restoring the South to
the Union.
– He could only
recommend to the
Congress.
The Official Congressional plan for
Reconstruction
•
Provisions:
1. Give political power to southerners who
remained loyal to the Union.
2. Insure that the new state constitutions
recognized black freedoms.
3. Confederate war debts would not have to be
paid.
Lincoln refuses to sign– DOES NOT VETO !!
•
–
Felt that it was unconstitutional to force states to
abolish slavery.
Assassination of Lincoln
• April 14, 1865
• Attends a play at
Ford’s Theater with his
wife and a guest.
• Lincoln shot in the
head, and dies a few
hours later.
– First President to be
assassinated in office.
• John Wilkes Booth- actor
from the South that blames
Lincoln for its loss.
Radical
Reconstruction
Congress proceeds to
take over Reconstruction
of the South, thus ending
Presidential
Reconstruction.
Joint Committee on Reconstruction
• Joint committee of 6
Senators and 9
Representatives.
13th Amendment
Freedmen’s Bureau Bill
•
•
Any person accused of
not giving a freed slave
their civil rights could be
tried in a military court.
Johnson vetoes
1.
2.
Trial by military courts is a
violation of the 5th
Amendment.
Congress does not have the
power to pass laws when 11
states are not present.
Civil Rights Bill of 1865
• Gave blacks full
citizenship and
equality.
• Johnson vetoes
– Unconstitutional
invasion of state’s
rights.
• Moderate and Radical
Republicans override
the veto.
th
14
Amendment
• Congress fears that
Supreme Court may rule
Civil Rights Act as being
unconstitutional.
• Made black Americans
citizens of the United
States.
• States could not deprive
blacks of fundamental
rights.
• Former Confederate
leaders could not hold
public office.
15th Amendment
• The right of
citizens of the
United States to
vote shall not be
denied or abridged
by the United
States or by any
State on account of
race, color, or
previous condition
of servitude.
Congressional Election of 1866
• Republicans helped
– Race riots in Tennessee
• 46 blacks killed
– Johnson’s trip to
Chicago
• Appears drunken and
lacks knowledge of
issues.
– Memory of the Civil War
• Fear of losing what had
been won.
– Republican majorities
increased to give them a
2/3rds + to override
veto’s.
Reconstruction Act of 1867
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Radical Republicans complete program for
Reconstruction.
South divided into 5 military districts, with a
military governor and federal troops to keep law
and order.
Confederate leaders could not vote or hold office.
Freed slaves could vote and hold office.
New state constitutions had to guarantee slaves
rights to vote.
States must ratify the 14th Amendment.
Impeachment of Andrew
Johnson
• Radicals feared that Johnson
would not enforce the
Reconstruction Act.
• Tenure of Office Act-1867
– President could not dismiss
civil officers without Senate
consent.
– Johnson fires Secretary of War
Edwin Stanton.
• Former Secretary of State
under Lincoln.
– Johnson felt he could not trust
Stanton any longer, and
wanted him dismissed.
Impeachment of Andrew
Johnson
• House calls for
impeachment of
Johnson on the
grounds that he had
“disgraced” Congress
by violating the Tenure
of Office Act.
– Constitution says that
impeachment can only
be brought in cases of
treason or high crimes.
Impeachment of Andrew
Johnson
• Senate holds the trial
– Final vote- 35 to 19 in
favor of Johnson.
– 2/3rds needed to
remove.
– 1 vote short.
• Edmund G. Ross of
Kansas
• False charges against
Johnson hurt his
reputation.
Election of 1868
• Republicans
– Ulysses S. Grant- Civil War
hero.
• Democrats
– Horatio Seymour- wealthy
New York governor.
– 1863- addressed a group of
anti-draft rioters as “my
friends.”
– Thomas Nast cartoon.
• Over 700,000 southern
blacks “allowed” to vote.
• Grant wins- but receives
less than 50% of the
popular vote.
Election of 1868
End of Reconstruction??
• February, 1871
• Grant, “Let us have peace!”
• Last of the 10 southern
states are reseated in
Congress.
– Virginia, Mississippi, Texas,
and Georgia.
• Requirements
– Former Confederate officials
denied office.
– Must allow blacks to be in
state legislature.
• Military stays in the South to
enforce laws.
Indian Policy
• Grant wants a policy of
making Indians just like
whites.
• Fills Indian agent
appointees with military
officers and religious men.
• Gen. William T. Sherman
and Gen. Phil Sheridan
disagree with policy- feel
the Indians to be violent,
shiftless, brutish, and filled
with hatred for whites.
• Conciliation did not work
in the South, it will not
work in the West.
Indian Policy Enforcement?
• January, 1870
– 170 Indians annihilated on the
Maria River, Montana.
• January, 1873
– Modoc Indians killed by Gen.
Sheridan for the murder of
Gen. Canby.
• 1874
– Gold discovered in the Black
Hills, Dakota Territory.
– Army unable to stop white
miners from entering Indian
Reservation.
– June, 1876- Gen. Sheridan
orders the removal of Indians
from the Little Big Horn
region.
Election of 1872
• Grant reelected.
• His administration is
plagued by corruption
and fraud
• He is not a good judge
of men outside of the
battle field
Election of 1872
Death of Grant
• Grant refuses to run for a 3rd
term in 1876.
• Takes family on a 2 year tour
of the world.
• Returns to America in 1879.
• Invests $250,000 of his own
money in a firm co-owned by
his son.
– The firm goes bankrupt.
• Penniless, Grant writes his
Memoirs with Mark Twain to
recoup losses.
• July 23, 1885- dies of throat
cancer at age 63.
Election of 1876
• Republicans
– Rutherford B. Hayes
• Democrats
– Samuel Tilden
• Tilden receives 250,000
more popular votes
than Hayes.
– 185 electoral votes
needed to win.
• Tilden- 184
• Hayes- 165.
Election of 1876
• States in question- South
Carolina, Louisiana,
Oregon, and Florida.
– Each had sent in 2 different
sets of returns.
• Senate (Republican) and
House (Democrat) want
right to count the votes.
• Electoral Commission
– Equal # from each party in
each house represented, with
one Supreme Court Justice.
– Justice David Davis resignsreplaced by a Republican.
• Hayes agrees to end
Reconstruction- the “smoke-
filled room” bargain
• Hayes wins.
Election of 1876
Rutherford B. Hayes
• “His Fraudulency”
• “Old Eight to Seven”
• Hayes appoints a former
Confederate leader to his
cabinet.
• Southern Democrats take over
state governments.
– “Solid South” is created for the
Democrats, which lasts well into
the 1980’s.
• Hayes orders removal of federal
troops from the South.
Reconstruction in the South
at a Glance
Post-Civil War South
• Economic chaos
– Cities are devastated
after “total war.”
– Industrial cities of
Richmond and Atlanta
in ruins.
• Social Chaos
– Southern citizens
starving and without
homes.
– 3.5 million freed slaves
had no where to go.
• No education
• No land
• Return to their former
owners, but cannot be
paid.
Freedmen’s Bureau
• Congressional attempt
to help the needy of
the South.- 1865
– Northerners felt it was
an honest attempt to
help the South
– Southerners felt that it
encouraged the slaves
to look down upon their
former owners and
raising false hopes.
Assistance to the South
• Many sympathetic
northern
humanitarians help to
supplement the federal
government’s
Reconstruction plans.
– Teachers and
missionaries
– They are not generally
welcome
Carpetbaggers
• Southern nickname for
northerners who came to
the South to aid in
Reconstruction.
– Some actually wanted to
help, while others came
strictly for profit.
• Name comes from fly-bynight newcomers who
carried everything they
owned in a suitcase made
of carpet.
Scalawags
• Southern name given
to native-born
Southerners who
cooperated with
Northern efforts to
reconstruct the South.
• Many did it as a way to
“heal” the old wounds.
– Others did it to gain
profit.
Reconstruction Governments
• Northerners manage
to capture all the high
political offices.
– Governor and State
Senator
• Mississippi only state
to send blacks to the
United States Senate.
– Hiram Revels
– Blanche Bruce
Black Codes
• Southern laws to
regulate the conduct
of the freed slaves.
• 4 Provisions
1. Could own property.
2. Could sue in court.
3. Could act in court
against other blacks.
4. Could legally marry.
•
4 Restrictions
1. Could not own a gun.
2. Could not assemble.
3. Could not start a
business.
4. Could not rent
farmland.
Ku Klux Klan
• Secret organization
founded by Gen Nathan
Bedford Forrest to frighten
black southerners and
white sympathizers into
staying out of politics.
• Founded by many
Confederate leaders who
were not allowed to vote.
• Ride throughout the
countryside issuing
warnings or burning
churches and homes.
• Military Enforcement Acts
– Gave President power to use
federal troops to control the
KKK.
Amnesty Act of 1872
• Restored the voting
rights to over 160,000
former Confederates.
– Only about 500 white
southerners not allowed
to vote.
• Many northerners
begin to feel that the
southerners could
handle their own
problems.
The New South
• Post-Reconstruction
South.
• Large Plantations
gone.
– Tenant farms- A planter
would rent a portion of
the plantation to a
tenant farmer.
– Sharecropper- Farm
worker who furnished
nothing but labor in
exchange for a house
and a plot of land.
• Would receive a % of the
crop at harvest time.
Segregation and Jim Crow laws
• Separation of white and
black southerners.
• Jim Crow Laws
– 1881
– Made it a requirement that
whites and blacks ride on
separate railway cars.
• By 1890’s all Southern
states had separate
schools, streetcars,
bathrooms, etc.
Black Voting
• Concerted effort by
Southerners to keep
blacks from voting.
– Poll Tax- tax to be paid
by every voter to be
allowed to vote.
– Literacy TestExamination to
determine if the voter
could read or write.
Plessy v. Ferguson
• 1896
• Plessy jailed for sitting
on a “White” car.
• Supreme Court rules
that these separate
facilities were not a
violation of the 14th
Amendment as long as
they were “separate,
but equal.”
The
End!