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SAT History
Sectionalism, Civil War, and
Reconstruction
Settling the West
• Manifest Destiny—it is our duty to expand
to the Pacific Coast (fueled nationalism
and religious effort—set up by God as a
“called nation” to spread the Protestant
faith
• Mexican War—although Mexicans had
encouraged white people to settle, it didn’t
know what to do when they were a 2/3
majority. Feb 1848—Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo—gave the US Texas, New Mexico,
and California for $15 million
Settling the West 2
• Oregon territory (now OR and WA)—
although we went through the 54’40” or
fight period, President Polk realized he
couldn’t fight two wars, and made a border
with the British.
• This also served as a counterbalance—
Oregon as free to Texas as Slave
California Gold Rush
• First found in Jan 1848 in the Sierra
Nevada Mountains
• About 100,000 people rushed in to try to
get rich
• Although most did not, they did set up
cities and government, and became a
state soon afterward.
Gold Rush Images
Native American Issues
• Indian Removal Act of 1830 (Jackson)—
moved tribes to reservations in Oklahoma
and other places
• In 1867, they set up two large areas—
north of Nebraska and South of Kansas
• They threatened force, and the Sioux
resisted strongly
• George Armstrong Custer went to South
Dakota to fight the Sioux—Battle of Little
Bighorn, 1876, Sioux overwhelmed them
Sioux 2
• They stopped fighting battles with the
Sioux, and started using attrition and
harassment
• Battle of Wounded Knee, 1890, final battle
• By 1900, all were in Reservations
• Helen Hunt Jackson “A Century of
Dishonor’ (1881) tried to raise awareness
of the tragedy
Native Issues
• How should they be “saved”—religion? “civilize them” by
teaching them white ways? Total integration?
• Dawes Security Act (1887) called for the breakup of
reservations and give individuals 160 acre allotments for
25 years
• In reality, most of the land ended up in white hands
because the Native Americans were forced to sell to buy
food and other necessities
• Overall, Dawes was a disaster—it tore apart
communities, took away lots of land, and emphasized
American settlement
• Another issue: hunger. White hunters killed buffalo (up
to 9 million between 1872 and 1875) just for the hide, but
the meat was a staple food for the Indians, and Army
generals killed lots of buffalo just to try to drive Native
Americans off of lands they wanted. By 1875, Buffalo
went from over 20 million to almost zero.
Native American Land Map
Reality of Indian Land Grants
Homestead Act/
Transcontinental Railroad
• To promote access to the West, Congress
passed the Homestead Act of 1862, which
promised free land (160 acres) if the land
was used and “improved.”
• Since the land was poor for farming, most
of the land ended up in the hands of
ranchers and railroad builders, who did
pay some money for it.
Railroads
• Pacific Railway Act of 1862—chartered the
Union Pacific Railroad company and
started the Transcontinental Railroad
• Union Pacific built west from Iowa, and the
Central Pacific company built east from
California, they met in Utah in 1869.
• By 1884, there were four lines—people
could go from one coast to the other in a
week.
Railroad Map
Wilmot Proviso
• 1846, proposed that all
new Mexican territory be
slave-free
• Supported by North,
stalled in the Senate due
to sectional issues
• Northerners pointed to
the Northwest Ordinance
of 1789 (proof the
founding fathers wanted
no more slavery)
• Southerners (our old
friend John C.
Calhoun)—all Mexican
lands should be slaveholding
• Moderates (inc. Polk)
suggested to extend the
36’30 line from the
Missouri Compromise
• Others suggested a vote,
or popular soverignty
Free-Soil Foundations
• Nominated Martin Van Buren (who
received 10% of the vote)
• Anti-slavery whigs, Liberty (abolitionist
party), and some Democrats who
supported the Wilmot Proviso
Compromise of 1850
• California = free state
• New Mexico and Utah would be the rest of
the Mexican area, and they could vote
• Texas gives up part of New Mexico in
exchange for paying $10 million war debt
• No slave trade in D.C., but slavery legal
there
• Strengthen Fugitive Slave Act to require
that all states must capture and return
runaway slaves
Aftereffects of the Great Debate
• The Fugitive Slave Act denied alleged
slaves a trial, paid commissioners more if
they found out he was a slave, authorized
Southern marshals/posses to go into the
North
• 9 Northern states passed personal liberty
laws in spite of the FSA
• Harriet Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s
Cabin”—story of a black slave torn from
his family, sold repeatedly, and beaten to
death (promoted anti-slavery arguments)
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
• Senator Stephen A.
Douglas (IL) proposed a
new territory—Nebraska
to help with the
transcontinental
railroad—since it was
above 36’30” it would be
a free state
• To pass this, they voided
the Missouri Compromise
completely.
Aftereffects
• Tons of people rushed in to try to change
the election voters
• Kansas therefore passed slavery, kicked
out antislavery legislators, Lecompton
(pro-slavery) Constitution
• This election was considered a fraud.
John Brown
• Abolitionist
• Led massacre at a proslavery camp, killing 5,
led to 200+ dead in
“Bleeding Kansas” 1856
• 1859—led large
antislavery revolt in VA,
tried to seize the federal
arsenal at Harpers Ferry
to arm a giant slave
uprising. He was
unsuccessful, caught and
hung.
Dred Scott
• James Buchanan was elected
in 1856 on the idea of keeping
the peace, and was very
unsuccessful
• March 1837—Taney gave this
decision in the Supreme Court:
• Scott can’t sue since no black
can become a federal citizen
(property even if they’re in free
areas)
• Congress could not forbid
slavery in ANY U.S. Territory
• Missouri Compromise and
Kansas-Nebraska Act
unconstitutional
• While Buchanan hoped this
case would help bring peace,
in reality, it made everything
much worse between the North
and the South.
Death of the Whigs
• Whigs were not united about slavery—it was
regionalized
• Some went with the Know-Nothing Party
(because members met secretly and refused to
identify themselves)
• The Know-Nothings also had sectional issues
due to Kansas-Nebraska
• Republicans= antislavery (came together as
Northern Democrats, Anti-slavery Whigs, and
Free Soil people)—all disapproved of K-N, but
some wanted the Missouri Compromise, and
others wanted total elimination of slavery
Lincoln-Douglas Debates: 1858
Lincoln-Douglas
• 1858 ran against each other for Senate from Illinois—
1860 ran against each other for President
• Series of debates held throughout the state (although the
state legislature did the actual voting)
• Douglas wanted popular sovereignty and the “Freeport
Doctrine” (territorial governments could forbid slavery by
refusing to enact slave codes, even though this was in
violation of Dred Scott)
• Lincoln did not aim to abolish slavery, but just to limit it to
where it already was
• Douglas won the seat, but the Southern was
disappointed in him due to his denial of Dred Scott
• Lincoln lost, but became a national spokesman for
antislavery
Election of 1860
1860 Election
• Republicans – Lincoln
• Democrats (Northern) – Douglas
• Constitutional Union (Whigs and KnowNothings) – John Bell (opposed KN Act
and Lecompton Constitution)—the goal
was compromise
• Democrats (Southern) – John C.
Breckinridge, KY (current VP)
1860 Election Notes
• Lincoln was not even on the ballot for nine
Southern states!
• Lincoln won a popular majority in all but 3
states where he won the electoral votes
(closest states: California, Oregon, Illinois)
• Douglas—broad, even support (but only
one state)
• Bell – Kentucky/Tennessee/Missouri
• Breckenridge: all slave states but Missouri
Civil War/Reconstruction Themes:
• After Lincoln’s election, sectional differences over
slavery and the question of states’ rights versus federal
power erupted in the Civil War.
• After the war, Lincoln favored a mild Reconstruction of
the South, though Congress was dominated by Radical
Republicans who favored a harsher reconstruction plan
in order to punish the South for secession and for slavery.
After Lincoln’s assassination, Congress overwhelmed
Andrew Johnson, who had taken over as president, and
instituted punitive Reconstruction policies.
• Blacks in the South, freed during the Civil War, gained
considerable rights during radical Reconstruction.
Through both legal and illegal means, Southerners
fought against the granting of these rights. After the
failure of radical Reconstruction, Southerners used the
Supreme Court’s Plessy v. Ferguson decision to
institutionalize segregation and the discrimination of
blacks.
A Nation Towards War
• During the election, states hinted that if
Lincoln won, they would leave (even
though he promised not to interfere with
Southern slavery)
• Dec 1860 – S.C. left
• By Feb 1861—Alabama, Mississippi,
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
joined them
• They met to establish the Confederate
States of America and chose Jefferson
Davis as President
Secession Map
Succession
• Lincoln: Your secession is “legally void” and
agreed to preserve the Union by whatever
means necessary—even if that meant freeing no
slaves
• April 1861, Confederate troops fired on Ft.
Sumter, SC, forcing surrender of federal troops
• Lincoln: We must suppress the insurrection
• The threat of troops caused Virginia, Arkansas,
Tennessee and North Carolina to leave
• Note; Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and
Missouri were slave states that did NOT leave.
North v. South military issues
•
•
•
•
Northern advantages:
22 million vs. 11 million people
2.1 million vs. 800,000 soldiers
Income tax, better tax
collection, moer money from
bonds (the South had severe
inflation, 300%+/year)
• 90% of the industry in the
North, 70% of the railroad
tracks—South had to import
arms until they could build
factories, and could not easily
ship to troops
• North had more food—they
were geared to grain, not
cotton or tobacco
• Southern advantages:
• Geography (easier to protect
than to attack, and could
maintain defenses without
much movement
• Stronger military tradition
• Stronger morale (fewer
defectors than North)
Civil War
• Confederate general: Robert E. Lee
• Union general: Ulysses S. Grant (1864)
• Battles were very, very bloody, thousands killed in all
major battles
• Emancipation Proclamation—freed all slaves in Southern
territory (not the slave states in the union or parts of the
South the North controlled)
• What the proclamation did was gain support of European
liberals, appeased Radical Republicans, made
abolishing slavery a key objective of the war
• After this, 200,000 blacks joined the Northern army
• Grant started to win big in 1864, along with Sherman’s
destruction of Atlanta and Georgia (burning everything)
• Lincoln won easily in the 1864 election
• Surrender of Richmond, April 9, 1865
• May 1865: Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia
What to do when the war ends:
• Lincoln: wanted to be forgiving...his plan “Ten Percent
Plan” (Dec 1863) pardoned lower-ranking Confederate
forces, and when 1/10 of the new state had taken the
oath to the Union and established a new government,
Lincoln would recognize it
• Republicans saw two problems—it was far too lenient
and that it didn’t do anything for freed slaves. They also
felt that they should be in charge of Reconstruction
• July 1864 Wade-Davis Bill, each Confederate state run
by a military governor, half must vow allegiance to the
Union, then a state convention could be called to
overturn secession and outlaw slavery
• Lincoln “pocket vetoed” this act, which left it all in a
deadlock.
Radicals 1864-65
• Congress established the
“Freedmen’s Bureau” to
offer slaves education,
employment, economic
help, and legal aid
• 13th Amendment:
abolished slavery
• April 1865—Lincoln
assassinated by John
Wilkes Booth, proConfederacy Actor,
Andrew Johnson now
president
Andrew Johnson
• Southern Democrat who opposed Secession, brought on
the ticket for peace
• When Johnson became President, he modified Lincoln’s
plan slightly and implemented it (Congress was on
recess)
• This plan pardoned almost all Southerners (except high
officers and plantation owners), required governments to
ratify the 13th Amendment and denounce secession
• Problem: The Confederate forces now in charge down
there refused to ratify the 13th and in fact passed black
codes to repress blacks. These codes included bans on
blacks testifying against whites, curfews for blacks,
licenses for blacks to work outside farms (SC)
• Radical Republicans attacked the codes, and Johnson
defended them.
Dec 1865—Congress Strikes Back
• Congress came back to Washington and was angry with
Johnson. Radical Republicans (leader: Senator Charles
Sumner, Rep. Thaddeus Stevens) set out to reset up
Reconstruction on Congress’s terms.
• Called for black voting rights, confiscation of
Confederate estates, and military occupation of the
South
• Congress passed the Civil Rights Act (full citizenship and
civil rights) and an extention to the Freedman’s Bureau—
both of them over Johnson’s veto!
• 14th Amendment—all persons born or naturalized in the
US are citizens and have equal rights (overturning Dred
Scott, which said blacks couldn’t be citizens)—Johnson
was heavily against it and so was the South, but in the
election of 1866, Radicals gained enough votes to pass
it (by letting blacks vote in 1866)
The Mandate of 1866
• Radical Republicans held 2/3 in the house and
4/5 of the Senate
• Basically, the President was meaningless, since
all of his vetoes could be overridden
• Reconstruction Act of 1867 (over veto)—
invalidated all Presidential Reconstruction
governments, martial (military) law over the
states (all but TN)
• Military districts run by Generals
• Must pass 14th Amendment to be let back in
• 14th Amendment ratified in 1868 (after 7
Southern states agreed to it)
Impeachment
• Mar 1867, Congress passed two acts which limited the
President’s power—Tenure of Office Act prohibited
Johnson from removing civil officers without Senate
Approval, and the Command of the Army Act meant that
the President could only issue orders through Grant
(who could not be fired without the Senate’s approval)
(both vetoed and overturned)
• August 1867, Congress out of session, Johnson
suspended Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and
replaced him with Grant.
• Republicans refused to approve, and called for
impeachment for violations of the Tenure of Office Act.
• In reality, they just wanted to get rid of Johnson, who
was hostile to both them and Reconstruction.
• Trial: March-June 1868, one vote under 2/3 to get rid of
him, so he stayed (albeit powerless)
15th Amendment
• Proposed 1869, passed 1870—all citizens can
vote regardless of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
• Undermining this was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
which tried to intimidate blacks out of voting
• Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 meant to
protect black voters
• Blacks had voting power until the end of
Reconstruction, and then effectively lost it in
spite of this amendment due to the Supreme
Court
Reconstruction Governments
• Republicans dominated elections
• To help blacks, states raised taxes and had
large debts
• Blacks had guaranteed male suffrage
• Many of these governments were unsound and
corrupt
• Southern moderates who helped Republicans
(scalawags) and Northerners just trying to make
money (carpetbaggers) were issues to many—
the KKK attacked them (print and physical)
Radical Reconstruction Ending
• Sumner and Stevens died, and others became
more moderate
• Large corruption in “reconstructed” governents
• Economic Panic of 1873 drew energy away from
the South
• The Supreme Court read the 14th and 15th
Amendments very narrowly (examples: the 14th
only protected national citizenship, not state
citizenship (which allowed state voting
restrictions), and the 15th did not mandate
suffrage, but just made it illegal to prohibit it
based on race, color, or servitude)
• Key Parts of the Enforcement Acts of 1870-1
now unconstitutional
Grant
• 1868, was elected president
• Was rather corrupt and had a huge drinking
problem
• Black Friday (1869)—Grant’s brother-in-law tried
to corner the gold market
• Whiskey Ring (1875)—Grant’s personal
secretary took bribes from distillers so they didn’t
have to pay taxes
• Belknap scandal (1876) (Secretary of War
William Belknap was impeached for accepting
bribes to sell Indian trading posts)
• Republicans started to splinter and
Reconstruction lost momentum
Panic of 1873
• Over-expansion of railroads and business
caused a stock market crash in 1873
• Largest bank in the US failed
• 25% of railroads shut down
• Between this and the scandals, Reconstruction
lost steam
• After the 1872 Republicans, moderates were
able to pass Amnesty Acts of almost all
Confederate people. By promising tax cuts and
using violence, Democrats regained the South
(in 1877, won every state)
The Democratic South
•
•
•
•
•
Cut exenses
Ended social programs
Revised tax system to help landowners
(effectively) limited rights of minorities
Hayes-Tilden Compromise—very close
1876 election in the House. Republicans
won the White House, but promised to end
Reconstruction.