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Slavery Divides the Nation
Chapter 16 Notes
Missouri Compromise
(1820)
In 1819 there were 11 free states and
11 slave states.
Missouri wanted to enter the Union as
a slave state. This would give the
South majority in the Senate.
To solve this problem, Senator Henry
Clay developed the Missouri
Compromise
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Missouri Compromise (cont.)
As part of the Missouri Compromise:
 Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine as
a free state.
 The “slavery line” in the Louisiana Purchase
was established at 36 degrees 30’ N (lower
boundary of Missouri).
Slavery in the Mexican
Cession
The question of slavery in these
territories caused many problems
between anti-slavery and pro-slavery
groups.
The Wilmot Proviso proposed
outlawing slavery in the land received
from Mexico, BUT it was defeated in
the Senate.
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Free Soil Party
 Many northern Democrats and Whigs opposed the
spread of slavery
 Both parties refused to take a stand on the issue
 Members of both parties left to create the Free Soil
Party
 Chose Martin Van Buren as candidate in the
election of 1848
– Slavery became an important election issue for the first time
 Zachary Taylor won the election but Free Spoilers
did well- showed slavery was a national issue
The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
 In 1849 there were 15 slave and 15 free states
 California, Oregon, Utah, New Mexico may enter
the Union as free states
 Southerners feared losing power- talked of
secession (removing themselves from the US)
 People looked to Henry Clay to create a
compromise
Compromise of 1850
California was admitted to the Union as a
FREE state.
Utah and New Mexico Territories were
allowed to decide slavery by the people’s
vote. (popular sovereignty)
Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was established.
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Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
All slaves had to be returned to owners in
the South or pay a $1,000 fine.
Northern courts heard cases and received
$10 if slaves were sent back and $5 if slaves
were set free.
Fugitive slaves could no longer hide in the
North.
How do you think Northerners and
Southerners reacted to the Fugitive Slave
Law?

Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 Novel
about Southern Slavery
 Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
 Sold over 3 million copies in the US
 Showed how slavery not only
oppressed black people but also
destroyed families
 Southerners claimed it was based on
lies
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
It broke up Nebraska Territory into Kansas
and Nebraska.
The question of slavery was to be decided
by the people of each state.
This sparked a lot a controversy between
Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery factions.
Both territories were supposed to be FREE
according to the Missouri Compromise
Now slavery could spread to areas that
were free for more than 30 years
The Crisis Turns Violent
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Abolitionists moved into Kansas
Proslavery bands from Missouri rode into Kansas
and voted illegal (Border Ruffians)
Two governments (one free and one slave) were
created
Proslavery attack on Lawrence
John Brown, abolitionists, responded with an
attack on Pottawatomie Creek
– Murdered 5 men in the middle of the night

Led to more violence in Kansas
Violence in the Senate
 Charles
Sumner- Senator from
Mass, leading abolitionist
– Verbally attacked elderly Senator from
SC- Andrew Butler
– Butler’s nephew, Preston Brooks came in
a few days later and beat Sumner with a
cane
J.L. Magee's famous political cartoon of the attack
on Charles Sumner
Dred Scott Decision (1857)
A
slave sued for his freedom, after his
master died, while in a Free State.
 The Supreme Court ruled:
– Blacks were not citizens and could not sue in
federal court.
– Slaves were property.
– Congress did not have the power to outlaw
slavery in the territories.
How do you think this Decision affected the
Missouri Compromise?
Dred Scott and his
wife Harriet are
portrayed here with
their children as an
average middle-class
family, an image that
fueled Northern
opposition to the
Supreme Court’s 1857
decision that denied
both Scott’s freedom
and his citizenship.
Courtesy of Library of
Congress
The Republican Party

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Free soilers, northern democrats, and antislavery
Whigs formed the Republican Party in 1854
Wanted to keep slavery out of the territories
Chose John C. Fremont to run for president in
1856
James Buchanan- Democrat- won election of 1856
Election of 1856 Results
James Buchanan - 15th President
Abe Lincoln of Illinois
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Lincoln - Douglas debates
Race for Illinois senator- 1858
Douglas supported popular sovereignty
Lincoln thought slavery was morally wrong
Douglas won the election
Lincoln gained popularity- would help him win the
presidency in 1860
Harper’s Ferry (1859)
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John Brown attacked the Federal
armory in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.
Brown wanted to arm slaves in a
revolt against their owners, but it
failed.
Brown was tried and hanged for
treason.
Brown was considered a martyr
(someone who dies for their beliefs) by
northerners
Abraham Lincoln Elected
President
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Lincoln wanted to keep slavery from
expanding into the territories.
However, he didn’t advocate
abolishing slavery.
He solidly defeated all three of his
opponents even without his name on
the ballot in most Southern states.
Election of 1860 Results
The Freeport Wide Awake, a
campaign newspaper from
Illinois, ran this full-page banner
celebrating the election of
Abraham Lincoln as president
and the election of a
Republican state legislature.
Lincoln won with an Electoral
College majority of 180 to
Southern Democrat John
Breckinridge’s 72,
Constitutional Unionist John
Bell’s 39, and Northern
Democrat Stephen Douglas’s
12.
Southern Secession
 The Southern states decided to secede
from the Union because of Lincoln’s
election.
 South Carolina seceded first on
December 20, 1860.
 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, North
Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, and
Tennessee followed shortly after.
Fort Sumter Attacked
 Fort
Sumter was located in
Charleston Harbor in South Carolina.
 The federal fort, under Col.
Anderson, survived four months
without re-supply.
 The Confederate troops opened fire
on the fort on April 12, 1861.
 The Civil War begins!
The Confederate attack on Fort Sumter
Activity
Based on what we have learned today,
make a time line using the nine events
presented.
Compromise of 1850
Dred Scott Decision
Harper’s Ferry
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Missouri Compromise
Lincoln’s Election
Texas Annexation
Mexican Cession
Fort Sumter
Southern Secession