Download United States History I

United States History I
Topic 7 Sections 1/2: “Causes of
the American Civil War”
7.1-2
Standards 1.1-1.4, 9.1
Sectionalism and the Roots of
Conflict
• During the 1800’s, the northern and
southern “sections” of the United States
began to grow apart socially and
economically
• North: Industry
• South: Cash Crops: Cotton/Tobacco
The Missouri Compromise: 1820
• 60,000 People needed in area/territory
before it can apply for statehood
• 1820: 11 Slave and 11 Free States
• Missouri applied for statehood
– Balance of power would be offset one way or
the other. Will Missouri be slave or free?
– Who cares? Why would this be important for
political power? Discussion
Missouri Compromise: 1820
• *Maine also applied for statehood at the same time:
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PROBLEM SOLVED… for now
See map of U.S. Maine vs. Missouri
Compromise: Giving a little of something in order to get
a little bit of something you want
Missouri Compromise: Maine is admitted as a free state
while Missouri enters the UNION as a slave state: State
Count = 12-12
Future? 36-30 Line Established: Anything North would be
Free and Everything South would be slave
Missouri Compromise Map: 1820
Election of 1848
• Wilmot Proviso- “Slavery shall not exist on
lands won from Mexico”
• Free Soil Party- Martin Van Buren
– Prevent slavery from spreading to west
• *Whigs- Zachary Taylor
– Popular Sovereignty
• *Democrats- Popular Sovereignty
– “Let the people choose”
California Gold Rush: 1849
• 1848: Gold is found in the
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mountains of California
1849: People RUSH out
to California in order to
find gold (49ers’) Sound
Familiar?
California all of sudden
had enough people to
become a state. Most
people wanted California
to become a free state!
Slave states become
angry and threaten to
leave the Union!!
Compromise of 1850
• After nine months of heated debate…
• Henry Clay: “The Great Compromiser” suggests…
– 1. California be allowed to enter Union as a free
state: South angry…
– 2. Territories of Utah and New Mexico established
w/o restrictions on slavery: North angry
– 3. Slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C.
– 4. Strict Fugitive Slave Law was passed: Said that
fugitive slaves HAD to be reported to the authorities.
So…If you lived in Indiana and knew that a fugitive
slave was around and did not report it, you were
breaking the law! Northerners very angry at this law!!
– 13 Free to 12 Slave States
Uncle Tom’s Cabin: 1852
• Harriet Beecher Stowe:
Abolitionist who lived in
Cincinnati, Ohio. Was a
contemporary of Frederick
Douglas.
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Book that
exposed slavery for what it
really was and infuriated slave
owners in the south.
• Eliza and the Horrors of -
Slavery
• *What does it mean when
someone is referred to as an
Uncle Tom?
• Right: Harriet Tubman and the
Underground Railroad
The Mighty Ohio River
Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854
• Stephen Douglas: Senator
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IL
Wanted to build a
transcontinental RR through
Chicago (Economics)
Two new territories created:
Kansas and Nebraska: Both
ABOVE the 36-30 Line!
Kansas-Nebraska Act:
Douglas wanted to scrap
the 36-30 line and leave the
fate of all future states up
to POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY:
Let the people choose
1854: A group of northern
politicians become so angry
that they form a new
political party called the
Republican Party
Kansas Nebraska Act: 1854
The Caning of Charles Sumner
Bleeding Kansas: 1854-1857
• Two groups “moved” into
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Kansas in an attempt to
sway the vote for a
constitution that met their
needs
Anti-Slavery: Lawrence
Pro-Slavery: Lecompton
*After some Pro-Slavery
supporters attacked and
killed abolitionist, John
Brown and his sons killed
at least five Pro-Slavery
people.
*Open fighting broke out
and lasted a few years.
Dred Scott Case: 1857
• Background: Dred Scott
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was a slave who was
owned by a slave owner
in Missouri. His owner
was in the army and
spent time in Wisconsin
and Illinois. When his
owner died, the state of
Missouri tried to sell Dred
Scott as property
Case: Dred Scott sued for
his freedom and lost
because he was
“property”
-Roger Taney: -Could not
sue because he was not a
citizen
-Congress could NOT ban
slavery in new territories
Illinois Senate Race of 1858
• Illinois Senate seat was up for
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election
Stephen Douglas was
incumbent: already held seat
Abraham Lincoln: Republican:
Challenged Douglas to a series
of debates all over the state of
Illinois
Douglas: Believed in Popular
Sovereignty
Lincoln: Wanted to stop the
SPREAD of slavery to new
territories: “Contain it”
*LINCOLN LOST THE
ELECTION BUT GAINED
POPULARITY WITH MANY
NORTHERNERS
*THIS SET THE STAGE FOR
HIM TO RUN FOR PRESIDENT
IN 1860!
HARPER’S FERRY: 1859
• JOHN BROWN: Wanted to
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start a slave revolt in the
state of Virginia
-Attacked a U.S. Army
Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia (Present W. VA)
-No slaves joined the
revolt
-Brown was captured by
Robert E. Lee
-Brown was hanged for
“treason”
*Many in North saw
Brown as a Martyr: Hero
*Many in the South saw
Brown as an extremist
U.S. History I
Topic 7.3
Election of 1860 and the Beginning of
the American Civil War
1.1-1.4, 9.1
Election of 1860
• By 1860, the United
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States was very
separated by Regional,
Political, and Economic
differences.
Election: Abraham Lincoln
(IL): Republican
-Stephen Douglas (IL):
Northern Democrat
-John C. Breckinridge
(KY): Southern Democrat
-John Bell (TN):
Constitutional Union Party
Election of 1860
• Lincoln gained most of his support in the North
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while Breckinridge got his from the South
*Many in the southern states hated Lincoln and
vowed to leave the Union if he was elected:
They thought that he would end slavery for
good (THAT WAS THEIR DECISION TO MAKE,
NOT HIS!)
-Abraham Lincoln won the election by a count of
180 Electoral Votes to 72 (Breckinridge)
Election of 1860 Results
Secession!!!
• South Carolina left the Union on December
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20th, 1860: Claimed they did it for “State’s
Rights”
February 1st, 1861: Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
joined South Carolina: *Did it to defend
“American Rights” like the colonist during the
revolution of 1776
*John J. Crittenden (KY): wanted to reach a
last minute “Compromise” Reestablish 36 30
• Crittenden’s Compromise did not work
Confederate States of America are
Born! (CSA)
• February 8th, 1861:
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Montgomery, Alabama
-REBEL states get
together and form the
Confederate States of
America
-Declared each state
independent
-*Jefferson Davis:
Became the first
President of the CSA
Ft. Sumter, S.C.
• Ft. Sumter: a Union fort
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in “Confederate” territory
(South Carolina)
-Major Robert Anderson:
Commander: Asked
Lincoln for supplies
*If Lincoln refuses to
send supplies and
abandons the fort, then
he acknowledges the
CSA’s right to exist. If he
sends supplies, then he
risks war! Lincoln sends
supplies
April 12th, 1861:
Confederate forces attack
Ft. Sumter
*The American Civil War
had begun!
“Upper South” Secedes
• After Ft. Sumter,
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Virginia, Arkansas,
North Carolina, and
Tennessee left the
Union
*CSA Capital moved
to Richmond, Virginia
(100 Miles Away from
Washington D.C.)
Habeas Corpus and the Border
States
• Lincoln was worried the rest of the slave states
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would also leave the Union
He suspended writs of Habeas Corpus: right to
be charged with a crime within 24 hours of
being arrested: and declared Martial Law
(Curfew) in order to prevent this
Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware, West Virginia
(Broke Away from Virginia), and Maryland (If
Maryland left, then D.C. was already surrounded
by the enemy) were the five slave states that
DID NOT leave the Union: AKA Border States
Which States Left the Union? 11
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CSA:
1. S.C.
2. N.C.
3. Virginia
4. Tennessee
5. Mississippi
6. Georgia
7. Florida
8. Louisiana
9. Texas
10. Alabama
11. Arkansas
Who stayed loyal? 24 Total
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Border States:
1. Kentucky
2. Delaware
3. Missouri
4. W. Virginia
5. Maryland
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Non-Slave Union
1. Indiana
2. Illinois
3. Iowa
4. Wisconsin
5. Minnesota
6. Kansas
7. Oregon
8. California
9. Michigan
10. Pennsylvania
11. New York
12. New Jersey
13. Connecticut
14. Rhode Island
15. Massachusetts
16. Ohio
17. Vermont
18. New Hampshire
19. Maine
Advantages and Disadvantages
“Tale of the Tape”
• Union
• More People
• Stronger Navy•
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Blockade- Block ports
More Money
More Railroad Track
More Weapon’s
Factories
Stronger Federal
Government
More Food Supplies
• Confederate
• More “committed”
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Soldiers
Better Military
Commanders- Robert
E. Lee
Most of war fought in
CSA territory
Strategies
• Union
• Winfield Scott:
Proposed the
Anaconda Plan
– Blockade South
– Control Mississippi
River
– Control Gulf of Mexico
– Take Richmond, VA
Strategies: Confederate
• Win by NOT losing….huh?
• Use “Hit and Run” tactics to wear larger army
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down
Frustrate enemy into mistakes
Avoid major battles unless “CLEAR” advantage
Fight on “own” territory:
– Soldiers are familiar
– Protecting homes versus protecting ideas
Human Impact of Civil War:
624,511 Total Deaths!
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
Union
Confederate
500000
Total Deaths
Killed/Other
Killed/Battle
Wounded
Total Forces
0