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The Union Severed • • • • • Organizing for War Clashing on the Battlefield, 1861 to 1862 The Tide Turns, 1863 to 1865 Changes Wrought by War Conclusion: An Uncertain Future The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Organizing for War The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Organizing for War • April 12, 1861 Confederates fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC - Union troops holding fort surrender • President Lincoln calls for state militia volunteers 75,000 for 90 days service Essentially a declaration of war Desire to crush the “insurrection” • Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas all secede in response Southerners opposed to the war join Union forces - Upland whites, yeoman farmers, border state residents • Some Northerners opposed to war Fear competition from free black labor The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Balance of Resources • Enlistment reasons varied Relief after long indecision over Sumter Employment opportunity Loyalty to a cause • Not all sympathize with “their” side • North Greater white population Same number of troops as South Economic advantage More infrastructure • South Dependent on imports Had exports that might secure foreign goods Slaves did work so white males could serve in military The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Border States • Considered Upper South Separated free states from Deep South • Delaware decided to remain in the Union • Maryland Baltimore experiences violence and destruction from southern sympathizers Crucial because of Washington, D.C. location Lincoln violates civil liberties - Suspends writ of habeas corpus • Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri remain in Union Access to important rivers and railroads • Confederate states Virginia had largest iron works Tennessee principal source of grain The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Secession of the Southern States Secession of the Southern States The map provides a chronology of secession and shows the geographical importance of the border states. In what ways does the map highlight the vulnerable position of Washington and explain many of Lincoln’s actions in the early days of the war? The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Challenges of War • Confederacy Challenge of nation-building Enormous organizational problems Strong feeling of loyalty and civilian support • Union Logistic and organization challenges Union soldiers defecting to the South The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Lincoln and Davis • Lincoln Active presidency Expanded role of executive Mobilized state militias • Davis West Point grad Mexican War vet Had to create a new kind of South The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Clashing on the Battlefield 1861 to 1862 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. War in the East • Anaconda Plan First Union plan – Winfield Scott Blockades, victory through attrition Lincoln and public wants a quicker war • First Bull Run, July 21,1861 Union McDowell versus Confederate Beauregard Confederate victory, though not decisive Signals a long war - Unprofessional armies with short-term enlistments - Logistical problems • Antietam, 1862 Confederates invade Maryland and defeated Bloodiest day in American history - Over 20,000 casualties • War in the East reaches stalemate The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Eastern Theater of the Civil War, 1861–1862 Eastern Theater of the Civil War, 1861–1862 The map reveals the military actions in the East during the early years of the war. Initially, military planners hoped to end the war quickly by capturing Richmond. They soon discovered that the Confederate army was too powerful to allow them an easy victory. Eventually, Lincoln decided to combine military pressure on Virginia with efforts in the West. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. War in the West • Western theater Includes land between Mississippi and Appalachians and the trans-Mississippi West region Control of Mississippi and New Orleans vital Native Americans join both sides • Union plans to control Kentucky and Tennessee and use the Mississippi to split South in half • U.S. Grant emerges as top Union leader in West Uses rivers to invade and secure Tennessee • Shiloh Surprise Confederate attack – 23,000 casualties High death toll from poorly treated wounds • Widespread warfare Including New Mexico, California, Missouri River area The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Trans-Mississippi Campaign of the Civil War What does this map suggest about the objectives of the Union campaigns in the Mississippi valley and the ultimate goal of Union military strategy there? Trans-Mississippi Campaign of the Civil War The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Naval Warfare • Union blockade Not very successful – many blockade runners - smugglers • Union captures Port Royal Nov 1861 Frees first slaves • New Orleans captured 1862 • South attempts to develop new naval weapons Torpedoes and ironclads • Merrimac (Virginia) versus Monitor at Norfolk, VA First clash of iron-sided ships - March 1862 Predecessors of modern U.S. Navy ships • Confederate raids on northern commerce Attacks on northern shipping by Southern raiders More successful – over $6 million in lost cargo The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cotton Diplomacy • European support of Confederacy decisive Need diplomatic recognition Confederates dependent on cotton money - 1860-1861 saw a glut of cotton Foreign mill owners oversupplied Later found cotton supplies in India and Egypt • European powers slow to give support North works to prevent support to Confederacy - Threatens war with Great Britain if they get involved Allowed Confederates to build ships in their ports Don’t want to back a loser or upset balance of power in Europe Declare neutrality and stay out of war The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Common Problems and Novel Solutions • Financing the war Treasuries empty and the conflict expensive - Small-scale taxation • - Borrowing = issued war bonds • - Financed 21% of North’s war effort Northerners purchased over $2 billion Printing money = lead to inflation • Union “greenbacks” = $150 million • Manpower shortages Desertion becomes common Armies lack volunteers - Northern communities offer $ bounties to recruit outsiders Encouraged reenlistment of those already serving Both sides use conscription (draft) = unpopular - South = exemptions for slave owners North = hiring of substitutes for $300 Draft riots in New York, Irish targeted blacks The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Recruiting the Troops This 1862 poster invites “one” and “all” to come to the rally in Reading, Massachusetts. While there would be speeches and perhaps even patriotic music, the point of the meeting was to fill the town’s military quota with “volunteers.” The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Political Dissension, 1862 • South had no means of rallying support Lack of party system – no way to create political support Dissatisfaction was factional, petty, and personal No one offered alternative solutions • Northern Copperheads = Peace Democrats Criticize the war Constitution betrayed Working-class Americans bearing the brunt of draft City immigrants and Mid-westerners also opposed war • Lincoln criticized both for inaction and action Seen as indecisive and inept by Republicans and tyrannical by Democrats Goal of the war? - Restoring the union versus emancipation The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Tide Turns 1863 to 1865 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Emancipation Proclamation • Hard course to steer regarding emancipation Hoped to placate border states keeping slaves Gain support of abolitionists and northern blacks Strategy to weaken South’s war effort – production Lincoln argues emancipation will save white lives, preserve democracy, and restore union • September 1862, “victory” at Antietam Issues preliminary proclamation - Rebellious states return or slaves would be freed forever • Emancipation Proclamation – January 1, 1863 Freed all slaves in secession states only - No border states or Union held areas Opened military for black Union soldiers Changed tenor of war, new commitment - Union restoration AND destruction of slavery The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A French View of Emancipation A French View of Emancipation This depiction of African Americans celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation appeared in the French publication Le Monde Illustre. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Unanticipated Consequences of War • Union employs blacks as combat soldiers Had been serving as cooks, laborers, teamsters, and carpenters in the army 25% of Union Navy and 10% of Union Army Most fugitives from slavery Increasing white casualties prompted need Pushed by Frederick Douglass 186,000 served • Blacks receive unequal treatment in military Led by white officers - no black commissioned officers Less pay and worse food than white soldiers Often used for menial work • Some changes in white attitudes • Blacks gained pride and dignity from service The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Changing Military Strategies 1863-65 • Early southern strategy was mostly defense Need to invade North and force U.S to sue for peace • Lee takes the offensive, summer of 1863 Moves into Maryland and Pennsylvania - Wants to threaten DC and Philadelphia Gettysburg, PA July 1-4, 1863 - Confederate defeat – Lee’s poor command decisions Huge loss of troops – Pickett’s Charge • Did capture prisoners and secure provisions • Grant’s successes in West – Vicksburg July 4 Union now controls Mississippi Lincoln puts him charge of all Union armies • U.S. Grant plans a more decisive campaign Strong offensive and total warfare – grind down South - William T. Sherman marches to split South • Sixty mile wide path of destruction and desolation left behind The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Progress of War, 1861–1865 The Progress of War, 1861–1865 In this map you can see the very slow progression of the North’s effort to defeat the South. For much of the war, the South controlled large areas of contiguous territory. This control of the southern homeland helped southerners to feel that it was possible for them to win the war. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Changes Wrought by War The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Matthew Brady Mathew Brady, “Confederate Captives,” Gettysburg. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Matthew Brady, cont Mathew Brady, “Burial Party at Cold Harbor.” The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A New South • States’ rights give way to centralization Contrasting with ideology that led to war - Davis knew central government needed to be in control Conscription Act of 1862 - Considered arming slave soldiers Government impresses (confiscates) slaves for war work Emancipation contemplated • Agriculture shifted to food crops • Expansion of defense industries • Pressure on traditional class structure Rich man’s war poor man’s fight The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Impact of the War in the South The Impact of the War in the South The dislocations caused by the war were many. These southerners, forced to leave their home by invading troops, have packed what few belongings they could transport and stand ready to evacuate their homestead. (Library of Congress) The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Victorious North • Lincoln violates writ of habeas corpus • Changes to banking system • Farm increasingly mechanized McCormick reapers popular • Manufacturing stimulated The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. On the Home Front, 1861-1865 • Support Religious groups • Greater political involvement • Some grow rich Rockefeller, Carnegie industrialists • South experienced more dislocation Refugees Food shortages The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Women and the War • Women Many changes in roles Nursing and other volunteer work Sanitary Commission largely run by women Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Election of 1864 • Democrats nominate General McClellan Call the war a failure Claim the war’s goal had been derailed • Republicans nominate Lincoln • Capture of Atlanta brings support for Lincoln Wins election The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Why the North Won • Final months, following election April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders • Grant’s strategy depended on greater manpower Also more economic resources • South had more trouble supplying troops Transportation system inadequate Also lack of support from some states Inflexible attitudes The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Costs of War • Painful legacy High death rate from disease more than fighting Many return home injured Experiences in prison camps • Many find it hard to return to civilian life The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Unanswered Questions • Slaves freed But what rights would be extended to them? • Destroyed infrastructure • End to question of nullification • Lincoln calls for forgiveness Assassinated, April 14, 1865 The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Conclusion: An Uncertain Future The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. An Uncertain Future • The Civil War ends Mourning for Lincoln Many mourn the loss of life • Drastic changes follow Changes not apparent in 1865 to most • Important conflicts unresolved The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Timeline The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.