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The Union Severed
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Organizing for War
Clashing on the Battlefield, 1861 to 1862
The Tide Turns, 1863 to 1865
Changes Wrought by War
Conclusion: An Uncertain Future
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Organizing for War
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Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
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Organizing for War
• April 12, 1861
 Confederates fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC
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Union troops holding fort surrender
• President Lincoln calls for state militia volunteers
 75,000 for 90 days service
 Essentially a declaration of war
 Desire to crush the “insurrection”
• Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas
all secede in response
 Southerners opposed to the war join Union forces
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Upland whites, yeoman farmers, border state residents
• Some Northerners opposed to war
 Fear competition from free black labor
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The Balance of Resources
• Enlistment reasons varied
 Relief after long indecision over Sumter
 Employment opportunity
 Loyalty to a cause
• Not all sympathize with “their” side
• North
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Greater white population
Same number of troops as South
Economic advantage
More infrastructure
• South
 Dependent on imports
 Had exports that might secure foreign goods
 Slaves did work so white males could serve in military
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The Border States
• Considered Upper South
 Separated free states from Deep South
• Delaware decided to remain in the Union
• Maryland
 Baltimore experiences violence and destruction from
southern sympathizers
 Crucial because of Washington, D.C. location
 Lincoln violates civil liberties
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Suspends writ of habeas corpus
• Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri remain in Union
 Access to important rivers and railroads
• Confederate states
 Virginia had largest iron works
 Tennessee principal source of grain
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Secession of the Southern States
Secession of the Southern States The map provides a chronology of secession
and shows the geographical importance of the border states. In what ways does
the map highlight the vulnerable position of Washington and explain many of
Lincoln’s actions in the early days of the war?
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Challenges of War
• Confederacy
 Challenge of nation-building
 Enormous organizational problems
 Strong feeling of loyalty and civilian support
• Union
 Logistic and organization challenges
 Union soldiers defecting to the South
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Lincoln and Davis
• Lincoln
 Active presidency
 Expanded role of executive
 Mobilized state militias
• Davis
 West Point grad
 Mexican War vet
 Had to create a new kind of South
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Clashing on the Battlefield
1861 to 1862
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War in the East
• Anaconda Plan
 First Union plan – Winfield Scott
 Blockades, victory through attrition
 Lincoln and public wants a quicker war
• First Bull Run, July 21,1861
 Union McDowell versus Confederate Beauregard
 Confederate victory, though not decisive
 Signals a long war
- Unprofessional armies with short-term enlistments
- Logistical problems
• Antietam, 1862
 Confederates invade Maryland and defeated
 Bloodiest day in American history
- Over 20,000 casualties
• War in the East reaches stalemate
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Eastern Theater of the Civil War, 1861–1862
Eastern Theater of the Civil War, 1861–1862 The map reveals the military actions in the
East during the early years of the war. Initially, military planners hoped to end the war quickly
by capturing Richmond. They soon discovered that the Confederate army was too powerful
to allow them an easy victory. Eventually, Lincoln decided to combine military pressure on
Virginia with efforts in the West.
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War in the West
• Western theater
 Includes land between Mississippi and Appalachians
and the trans-Mississippi West region
 Control of Mississippi and New Orleans vital
 Native Americans join both sides
• Union plans to control Kentucky and Tennessee
and use the Mississippi to split South in half
• U.S. Grant emerges as top Union leader in West
 Uses rivers to invade and secure Tennessee
• Shiloh
 Surprise Confederate attack – 23,000 casualties
 High death toll from poorly treated wounds
• Widespread warfare
 Including New Mexico, California, Missouri River area
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Trans-Mississippi Campaign
of the Civil War What does this
map suggest about the
objectives of the Union
campaigns in the Mississippi
valley and the ultimate goal of
Union military strategy there?
Trans-Mississippi Campaign of the
Civil War
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Naval Warfare
• Union blockade
 Not very successful – many blockade runners
- smugglers
• Union captures Port Royal Nov 1861
 Frees first slaves
• New Orleans captured 1862
• South attempts to develop new naval weapons
 Torpedoes and ironclads
• Merrimac (Virginia) versus Monitor at Norfolk, VA
 First clash of iron-sided ships - March 1862
 Predecessors of modern U.S. Navy ships
• Confederate raids on northern commerce
 Attacks on northern shipping by Southern raiders
 More successful – over $6 million in lost cargo
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Cotton Diplomacy
• European support of Confederacy decisive
 Need diplomatic recognition
 Confederates dependent on cotton money
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1860-1861 saw a glut of cotton
Foreign mill owners oversupplied
Later found cotton supplies in India and Egypt
• European powers slow to give support
 North works to prevent support to Confederacy
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Threatens war with Great Britain if they get involved
 Allowed Confederates to build ships in their ports
 Don’t want to back a loser or upset balance of power
in Europe
 Declare neutrality and stay out of war
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Common Problems and Novel Solutions
• Financing the war
 Treasuries empty and the conflict expensive
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Small-scale taxation
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Borrowing = issued war bonds
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Financed 21% of North’s war effort
Northerners purchased over $2 billion
Printing money = lead to inflation
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Union “greenbacks” = $150 million
• Manpower shortages
 Desertion becomes common
 Armies lack volunteers
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Northern communities offer $ bounties to recruit outsiders
Encouraged reenlistment of those already serving
 Both sides use conscription (draft) = unpopular
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South = exemptions for slave owners
North = hiring of substitutes for $300
Draft riots in New York, Irish targeted blacks
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Recruiting the Troops
This 1862 poster invites “one” and
“all” to come to the rally in Reading,
Massachusetts. While there would
be speeches and perhaps even
patriotic music, the point of the
meeting was to fill the town’s military
quota with “volunteers.”
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
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Political Dissension, 1862
• South had no means of rallying support
 Lack of party system – no way to create political support
 Dissatisfaction was factional, petty, and personal
 No one offered alternative solutions
• Northern Copperheads = Peace Democrats
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Criticize the war
Constitution betrayed
Working-class Americans bearing the brunt of draft
City immigrants and Mid-westerners also opposed war
• Lincoln criticized both for inaction and action
 Seen as indecisive and inept by Republicans and
tyrannical by Democrats
 Goal of the war?
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Restoring the union versus emancipation
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
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The Tide Turns
1863 to 1865
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The Emancipation Proclamation
• Hard course to steer regarding emancipation
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Hoped to placate border states keeping slaves
Gain support of abolitionists and northern blacks
Strategy to weaken South’s war effort – production
Lincoln argues emancipation will save white lives,
preserve democracy, and restore union
• September 1862, “victory” at Antietam
 Issues preliminary proclamation
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Rebellious states return or slaves would be freed forever
• Emancipation Proclamation – January 1, 1863
 Freed all slaves in secession states only
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No border states or Union held areas
 Opened military for black Union soldiers
 Changed tenor of war, new commitment
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Union restoration AND destruction of slavery
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A French View of Emancipation
A French View of Emancipation
This depiction of African Americans celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation
appeared in the French publication Le Monde Illustre.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
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Unanticipated Consequences of War
• Union employs blacks as combat soldiers
 Had been serving as cooks, laborers, teamsters, and
carpenters in the army
 25% of Union Navy and 10% of Union Army
 Most fugitives from slavery
 Increasing white casualties prompted need
 Pushed by Frederick Douglass
 186,000 served
• Blacks receive unequal treatment in military
 Led by white officers - no black commissioned officers
 Less pay and worse food than white soldiers
 Often used for menial work
• Some changes in white attitudes
• Blacks gained pride and dignity from service
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Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
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Changing Military Strategies 1863-65
• Early southern strategy was mostly defense
 Need to invade North and force U.S to sue for peace
• Lee takes the offensive, summer of 1863
 Moves into Maryland and Pennsylvania
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Wants to threaten DC and Philadelphia
 Gettysburg, PA July 1-4, 1863
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Confederate defeat – Lee’s poor command decisions
Huge loss of troops – Pickett’s Charge
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Did capture prisoners and secure provisions
• Grant’s successes in West – Vicksburg July 4
 Union now controls Mississippi
 Lincoln puts him charge of all Union armies
• U.S. Grant plans a more decisive campaign
 Strong offensive and total warfare – grind down South
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William T. Sherman marches to split South
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Sixty mile wide path of destruction and desolation left behind
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The Progress of War, 1861–1865
The Progress of War, 1861–1865 In this map you can see the very slow progression of the
North’s effort to defeat the South. For much of the war, the South controlled large areas of
contiguous territory. This control of the southern homeland helped southerners to feel that it
was possible for them to win the war.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Changes Wrought by War
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Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
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Matthew Brady
Mathew Brady, “Confederate Captives,” Gettysburg.
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Matthew Brady, cont
Mathew Brady, “Burial Party at Cold Harbor.”
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A New South
• States’ rights give way to centralization
 Contrasting with ideology that led to war
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Davis knew central government needed to be in control
 Conscription Act of 1862
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Considered arming slave soldiers
 Government impresses (confiscates) slaves for war work
 Emancipation contemplated
• Agriculture shifted to food crops
• Expansion of defense industries
• Pressure on traditional class structure
 Rich man’s war poor man’s fight
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Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
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The Impact of the War in the South
The Impact of the War in the South The dislocations caused by the war were
many. These southerners, forced to leave their home by invading troops, have
packed what few belongings they could transport and stand ready to evacuate
their homestead. (Library of Congress)
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The Victorious North
• Lincoln violates writ of habeas corpus
• Changes to banking system
• Farm increasingly mechanized
 McCormick reapers popular
• Manufacturing stimulated
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On the Home Front, 1861-1865
• Support
 Religious groups
• Greater political involvement
• Some grow rich
 Rockefeller, Carnegie
 industrialists
• South experienced more dislocation
 Refugees
 Food shortages
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Women and the War
• Women
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Many changes in roles
Nursing and other volunteer work
Sanitary Commission largely run by women
Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix
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The Election of 1864
• Democrats nominate General McClellan
 Call the war a failure
 Claim the war’s goal had been derailed
• Republicans nominate Lincoln
• Capture of Atlanta brings support for Lincoln
 Wins election
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Why the North Won
• Final months, following election
 April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders
• Grant’s strategy depended on greater manpower
 Also more economic resources
• South had more trouble supplying troops
 Transportation system inadequate
 Also lack of support from some states
 Inflexible attitudes
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Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
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The Costs of War
• Painful legacy
 High death rate from disease more than fighting
 Many return home injured
 Experiences in prison camps
• Many find it hard to return to civilian life
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Unanswered Questions
• Slaves freed
 But what rights would be extended to them?
• Destroyed infrastructure
• End to question of nullification
• Lincoln calls for forgiveness
 Assassinated, April 14, 1865
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Conclusion:
An Uncertain Future
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An Uncertain Future
• The Civil War ends
 Mourning for Lincoln
 Many mourn the loss of life
• Drastic changes follow
 Changes not apparent in 1865 to most
• Important conflicts unresolved
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Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
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Timeline
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
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