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Chapter 12: Reconstruction www.sitemason.com 12-1 Presidential Reconstruction Reconstruction: the federal program designed to repair the damage done to the south and bring the southern states back into the Union Lasts from the War’s end in 1865 until 1877 The South in Ruins Physical Destruction Shipping industry Farms and equipment Entire cities Human costs 364,000 Northern troops 260,000 Confederate troops Countless civilian casualties Southern Hardships African Americans Farmers Captured and Abandoned Property Act of 1863 Laborers Punishment or Pardon? The Constitution provided no policy for the situation being faced Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan: The Ten Percent Plan 1. Offered a pardon to any confederate soldier who pledged allegiance to the Union and obeyed federal policy 2. Denied Pardons to military/government officials and those who killed African American POW’s Each state could create its own constitution after 10% of voters pledge allegiance to the Union Could then hold elections and take part in the Union Lincoln’s plan (continued) Faces heavy resistance Radical Republicans believe the war was fought of the moral issue of slavery Wade Davis Bill – 1864 asked that former confederates pledge past and future allegiance and state that they never willingly took arms against the U.S. Lincoln used a Pocket-Veto against the bill Andrew Johnson; Presidential Reconstruction 1. Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance to the Union 2. Permitted each state to write its own constitution 3. void secession, abolish slavery, repay debt 4. States could then hold elections and rejoin the Union www.sonofthesouth.net A Newfound Freedom The ability to move freely Freed slaves could now move in search of jobs, families, and shelter Freedom to Own Land True freedom from economic independence Freedom of Religion Many sought refuge in the comfort and involvement of churches Freedom of Education 90% of African Americans illiterate in 1862 Freedmen’s Bureau The first major federal relief agency in United States history 12-2 Congressional Reconstruction Johnson’s plan allows southern states to re-establish their own governments and make new laws Black Codes: Laws that restricted the rights of freedmen, creating a different sort of slavery. Curfews – Vagrancy Laws – Labor Contracts – Land Restrictions The Fourteenth Amendment Radical Republicans and Congress oppose Democratic control in the south. 1866 Civil Rights Act: meant to outlaw all Black Codes Johnson vetoes the bill Overridden Fourteenth Amendment: States that no state shall make a law that deprives a person of “life, liberty, or property” without due process of the law Radical Reconstruction Radicals opted for more reform than others. Civil Rights: wanted civil liberties to be protected by law for the African American people. Moderates were uncertain about this This begins to lessen as whites show more and more aggression and violence towards the African Americans Radicals vs. Johnson Reconstruction Act of 1867 Military rule…. 5 districts, 5 northern generals New elections and new constitutions African Americans can vote! – temporarily, confederate supporters could not South must guarantee equal rights Must ratify the 14th Amendment Pres Vs. Congress Charles Sumner – Massachusetts Senator, founded Republican Party, fought for civil rights Thaddeus StevensPennsylvania congressman who threatened Johnson’s presidency Edwin Stanton Johnson attempts to fire him to prevent his taking over military rule in the south (Stanton was a Radical) Tenure in Office Act (1867): restricted the presidents abilities, he had to clear any hiring or firing with Congress. www.sonofthesouth.net Impeachment: to charge a president with a crime while in office. February 24th, 1868 – Thaddeus Stevens leads effort and a vote of 126 to 47 is cast to impeach Johnson Tried by Chief Justice Salmon Chase May 16th, 1868 a vote is taken and Johnson escapes removal from office by only one vote Johnson quietly served the rest of his term, but Republicans elected Ulysses S. Grant into office in the 1868 election. The Fifteenth Amendment Demands in the south build from freedmen Voting, holding office, serving in juries, and testifying in court The amendment passed in 1869 and was ratified in 1870. It stated that no citizens could be denied the right to vote, including African Americans Some voting had occurred earlier for African Americans while the military had registered them in the south. African Americans Get Elected The new voters created by the amendment nearly all voted Republican, while white democrats refused to vote A massive sweep of elections put a large Republican majority in the south More than 600 African Americans elected to state legislatures Many would form alliances with white republicans to try to acquire better positions By 1875 there would be eight African Americans in the House of Representatives By 1876, confidence in these elections would decline. Republicans in the South Carpetbaggers: Northern Republicans who moved south after the war. Often seen as trying to make a quick dollar off of the destruction in the south Scalawags: White southern Republicans They were seen by other southerners to be traitors. 12-3 Birth of the “New South” Reconstruction begins to take effect in the lives and society of the southern people Agricultural changes Cotton production decreased due to a lack of interest in the labor force Sharecropping: A process in which a person or family would be provided housing, they would farm land for a landowner and then be paid with a portion of the harvest. Tenant Farming: Individuals would pay to rent land and then be free to farm that land however they wished. Because they had this freedom, they were seen as a higher social class than the sharecroppers Changes White labor was now more prominent in agriculture. Cash Crops: Farmers now focused on products that were in high demand such as cotton, tobacco, and sugar Many southerners became trapped by debt the Southern Homestead Act of 1866 offered cheap land to those who would farm it. Still, by 1876 only 1 in 20 African American families owned land. Merchants: many southerners opened stores to sell the cash crops that were being produced. Southern Industry Railroads build cities: The rebuilding of railroads in the south allow for the movement of people and products between cities Most southern industries dealt with the production of Raw Materials: products which were freshly harvested. These were sent north for further production. How do you pay for reconstruction? “gospel of prosperity” – It was thought that increasing business would solve problems for everyone. Rebuilding the infrastructure of the south after the war took its toll on the people. Government was forced to raise taxes in order to pay for these things, putting further stress on citizens With all this cash flow…. Corruption takes its toll 12-4 Reconstruction Comes to an End Rising violence in the south: Ku Klux Klan: a secret society that was formed in 1866 and committed violent acts against African Americans and whites who attempted to help them. The claim they fought to defend “white superiority” Nathan Bedford Forrest The Klan also acted violently towards Republicans Government responds to the Klan Enforcement Act of 1870: banned “the use of terror, force, or bribery” as a way of keeping anyone from voting Military force arrested thousands and held them on trial for participating in KKK actions. Still…. Violence continued towards African Americans Reasoning for the Close of Reconstruction Corruption The Economy Violence Strengthened Democrats Supreme Court shifts control of Civil Rights to state governments Election of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) Samuel Tilden (Dem) Hayes loses to Tilden in the popular vote but controversy arises from the electoral college Two sets of tallies were submitted that were different A commission investigated and named Hayes the winner, but this was rejected by Democrats in Congress Compromise of 1877: Hayes would be given the victory he hadn’t won if… Federal troops were removed from the south Railroad and levee funding was provided This highlighted the end of reconstruction and gave the Democrats a window of opportunity to regain control of southern politics Success/Failure of Reconstruction Successes African American civil rights including right to vote for men Rebuilt the Union including southern states Repaired damaged Southern states (cities, transportation systems, etc..) Failures Racism continued Ex: KKK Economic problems happened Corruption on a large scale (south and federal gov) Black southerners remained in poverty So did poor white ppl