Download Chapter 14, Section 1

Chapter 4, Section 1-3
The American Civil War
The Americans, McDougal Littell (2005)
Differences Between North
and South
The South, with its plantation economy,
had come to rely on an enslaved labor
force.
The North, with its diversified industries,
was less dependent on slavery. As the
North industrialized, Northern opposition
to slavery grew more intense.
Differences Between North
and South
The Controversy over slavery only
worsened as new territories and states
were admitted to the union.
Supporters of slavery saw an opportunity
to create more slave states while
opponents remained equally determined
that slavery should not spread.
Slavery in the Territories
The Compromise of 1850.
North- California admitted as a free state.
South- Fugitive slave law.
Both- Popular Sovereignty for New Mexico and
Utah territories.
Slavery in the Territories
The Compromise of 1850.
North- California admitted as a free state.
South- Fugitive slave law.
Both- Popular Sovereignty for New Mexico and
Utah territories.
“Bleeding Kansas”
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, allowed popular
sovereignty to determine free/slave status.
Kansas erupts in violence and at one point has
two state capitals, one in Topeka and one in
Lecompton.
Lincoln is elected president
As the 1860 presidential election
approached, the Republicans nominated
Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln appeared to
be moderate in his views. Although he
pledged to halt the further spread of
slavery, he also tried to reassure
Southerners that a Republican
administration would not “interfere with
their slaves, or with them, about their
slaves.” Nonetheless, many Southerners
viewed him as an enemy.
Lincoln is elected president
Lincoln emerged as the winner with less
than half the popular vote and with no
electoral votes from the South. He did not
even appear on the ballot in most of the
slave states because of Southern hostility
toward him.
Southern Secession
Lincoln’s victory convinced
Southerners- who had viewed the
struggle over slavery partly as a
conflict between the states’ right of
self-determination and federal
government control- that they had
lost their political voice in the
national government.
Southern Secession
South Carolina seceded from the
Union on December 20, 1860.
Mississippi soon followed, as did
Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas. In February
1861, delegates from the
secessionist states met in
Montgomery, Alabama where they
formed the Confederate States of
America.
Union and Confederate
Forces Clash
Confederate soldiers in each
secessionist state began seizing
federal installations- especially
forts. By the time of Lincoln’s
inauguration on March 4, 1861, only
four Southern forts remained in
Union hands. The most important
was Fort Sumter, on an island in
Charleston harbor.
Union and Confederate
Forces Clash
Lincoln decided to neither abandon
Fort Sumter nor reinforce it. He
would merely send in “food for
hungry men.”
At 4:30am on April 12, Confederate
batteries began thundering away to
the cheers of Charleston’s citizens.
The deadly struggle between North
and South was under way.
Strengths and Strategies
The Union and the Confederacy were
unevenly matched.
The Union enjoyed enormous
advantages in resources over the
South, more extensive railroad
system.
The Confederacy’s advantages
included “King Cotton,” first-rate
generals, and highly motivated
soldiers.
The High Casualty rate of
the Civil War
Total loses on both sides estimated
at 700,000 killed. More than all
other U.S. wars combined.
The main contributor to the high
battle casualty rates was Union and
Confederate commitment to using
17th century tactics while using 18th
century weapons.
Smooth Bore Musket vs.
Rifled Musket
Smooth Bore Musket
Rifled Musket
200-300 yards effective
30 yard effective killing
killing range.
range.
Skilled marksman could hit
Skilled and lucky could hit a
a man sized target at 500
man size target at 75 yards.
yards.
45 seconds to load.
20 seconds to load.
Smooth Bore Musket vs.
Rifled Musket
Smooth Bore Musket
Rifled Musket
200-300 yards effective
30 yard effective
killing
th
17 Century Tactics
killing range.
range.
Skilled marksman could hit
Skilled
and lucky could
hit a
Troop
Troop
Yards
a man sized target at 500
man size 30target
at 75 yards.
yards.
45 seconds to load.
20 seconds to load.
Smooth Bore Musket vs.
Rifled Musket
Smooth Bore Musket
Rifled Musket
200-300 yards effective
30 yard effective
killing
th
18 Century Weapons
killing range.
range.
Skilled marksman could
hit
Troop
Skilled
and lucky could hit a
Troop
300 Yards
a man sized target at 500
man size target at 75 yards.
yards.
45 seconds to load.
20 seconds to load.
The Presidential election of
1864.
The South had hoped that if Lincoln
lost his reelection bid a new President
would negotiate a peace that would
recognize the CSA to end the carnage
of the Civil War.
Running against Lincoln was the first
General he had appointed to head the
army of the Potomac, Maj. Gen
George McClellan.
The Presidential election of
1864.
For the first time in history a
Democracy would conduct a general
election during a civil war.
The surrender at
Appomattox
On April 3, 1865, Union troops
conquered Richmond, the
Confederate capital.
On April 9, 1865, in a Virginia town
called Appomattox Court House, Lee
and Grant met at a private home to
arrange a Confederate surrender.
The surrender at
Appomattox
Within a month all remaining,
Confederate resistance collapsed.
After four long years, the Civil War
was over.
On May 13, 1865, a month after Lee’s
surrender at Appomattox, Private
John J. Williams of the 34th Indiana
became the last man killed in the Civil
War, in a battle at Palmito Ranch,
Texas. The final skirmish was a
Confederate victory.
Political and Economic
Changes
The Civil War greatly increased the
federal government’s power and
authority. During the war, the
federal government passed laws,
including income tax and
conscription laws, that gave it much
more control over individual
citizens.
Political and Economic
Changes
Economically, the Civil War dramatically
widened the gap between North and
South.
The war not only marked the end of
slavery as a labor system but also
wrecked most of the region’s industry
and farmland. The economic gulf
between the regions would not diminish
until the 20th Century.
The Thirteenth Amendment
The Emancipation Proclamation
freed only those slaves who lived in
states that were behind
Confederate lines, and not yet
under Union control.
After some political maneuvering,
the Thirteenth Amendment was
ratified at the end of 1865.
The Thirteenth Amendment
The U.S. Constitution now stated.
“Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment
for crime whereof the party shall
have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States.”
Lincoln is Assassinated
Whatever further plans Lincoln had to
reunify the nation after the war, he never
got to implement them. On April 14, 1865,
five days after Lee surrendered to Grant
at Appomattox, Lincoln and his wife went
to Ford’s Theatre in Washington to see a
British comedy, Our American Cousin.
During its third act, a man crept up
behind Lincoln and shot the president in
the back of his head.
Lincoln is Assassinated
Lincoln, who never regained
consciousness died on April 15. It was
the first time a president of the United
States had been assassinated.
Partner Question, Chapter
4, Sections 1-3
Why did the Union’s victory
strengthen the power of the national
government?
Discuss two dramatic changes
brought about by the Civil War-one
that you feel was for the better and
one that was not. Defend your
opinions.
Chapter 4, Section 1-3
The American Civil War
The Americans, McDougal Littell (2005)