* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download US History I Final Exam Review
Survey
Document related concepts
Alabama in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Georgia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Reconstruction era wikipedia , lookup
Border states (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
United States presidential election, 1860 wikipedia , lookup
Opposition to the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Mississippi in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Union (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
US History I Final Exam Review 10 “Bleeding Kansas” 10 Compromise legislation that called for concessions by both the North and the of 1850 South and included a strict new fugitive slave law 10 CSA Confederate States of America- group of seven southern states that seceded from the Union 10 Dred Scott Missouri slave who sued to obtain his freedom 10 Fort Sumter place where Confederate troops opened fire on Union troops 10 Free Soil Party won 10 percent of the vote in the election of 1848 10 Fugitive Slave Act law governing runaway slaves began when Border Ruffians raided the anti-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas. 1 1 Harriet Beecher 0 Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin that spread anti-slavery sentiment in the North. Harriet 0 Tubman Maryland-born slave known as “Moses” 1 0 Jefferson Davis chosen as President of the Confederate States of America 0 John Brown New York abolitionist who used violence to accomplish his goals 0 John Brown attacked the arsenal at Harpers Ferry in the hope of starting a revolution and ending slavery 1 1 1 1 1 KansasNebraska 0 Act bill passed by Congress in 1854 that led to violence Know0 Nothings became the American Party popular sovereignt 0 y policy allowing voters to decide whether to permit or outlaw slavery 1 0 1 0 Republican Party party formed in 1854 that opposed slavery Roger B. Taney Supreme Court Chief Justice who wrote the Dred Scott decision 1 1 Stephen 0 Douglas He believed each territory should decide the issue of slavery for itself. 1 blockade preventing merchant vessels with trade goods from entering or leaving ports 1 1 1 1 1 1 Robert E. Lee military leader from Virginia who left the Union army to command the southern army Anaconda 1 Plan a Union military plan for defeating the South by dividing the Confederacy in two 1 border states 4 states that bordered Southern states, allowed slavery but did not join the Confederacy Stonewall 1 Jackson Confederate military hero who refused to yield to the Union army at Bull Run George B. McClella second leader of the Union army 1 n 1 Ulysses S. Grant successful Union general who eventually became the leader of the Union army 1 Shiloh tragic battle in Tennessee that shocked both North and South by the horrors of the war 1 1 1 1 1 1 Militia Act 54th Mass. 1 Reg't. mandated that black soldiers be accepted into the military all black regiment from Massachussetts known for its bravery 1 income tax tax based on individual’s earnings to help pay for the war 1 bond a certificate bought from the government that promises to pay back the purchase amount plus interest 1 1 1 the bloodiest battle in a single day of the Civil War Emancipation Proclamat freed all enslaved people living in the states of the rebellion 1 ion 1 1 Antietam Homestead 1 Act 1 made western land available at low cost to those who would farm the land 1 conscription drafting men to fight in a war 1 Copperhead northern Democrats who opposed the war 1 habeas corpus prevents a person from being held in jail without being charged of a specific crime 1 1 1 1 inflation when prices of common items soar 1 Clara Barton gained approval for nursing Civil War soldiers as part of the official military effort and later founded the American Red Cross 1 siege a military tactic in which an army surrounds, bombards, and cuts off all supplies to an enemy position to make the enemy surrender 1 Vicksburg southern city on the Mississippi River essential for the Union to control 1 Gettysburg site in Pennsylvania of three-day bloody battle between the Confederacy and the Union 1 George Pickett leader of the South’s bloody assault on the Union-held Cemetery Ridge at Gettysburg Gettysburg Address speech given by Lincoln to honor the many dead in the battle of Gettysburg and an enduring statement of U.S. values and goals total war Grant’s policy of fighting which involved striking civilian as well as military targets 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 William Tecumseh 1 Sherman Union general, practiced total war as he marched through and conquered Georgia Thirteenth Amendme 1 nt amends the Constitution to outlaw slavery in the United States 1 1 John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Lincoln 1 1 Mathew 1 Land Grant 1 College Act gave money from sale of public lands to states to establish universities that taught agriculture and mechanical arts 1 Radical 2 Republican a member of Congress who believed Confederates’ slavery and secession were criminal and should be punished 1 2 1 Fourteenth Amendment 2 Reconstruction photographer who documented the horrors of war with his pictures of Civil War battles guarantees equality under the law for all citizens program implemented by the federal government between 1865 and 1877 to repair damage to the South caused by the Civil War and restore the southern states to the Union Civil Rights Act of 1866 passed to overturn black codes; vetoed by President Johnson 2 Wade-Davis Bill 1864 congressional proposal to allow Confederate states to rejoin the Union by demanding a guarantee of black equality; vetoed by Lincoln 2 Fifteenth Amendment forbids any state to deny the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude 1 2 1 1 1 Brady 2 impeach an action Congress takes by charging the President with wrongdoing and putting him on trial to see whether he should be removed from office 1 Freedmen’s 2 Bureau 1 2 1 Andrew 2 Johnson Lincoln’s Vice President; became President after Lincoln’s assassination 1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen’s right to vote 2 segregation separation of the races 2 sharecropping a system in which a landowner determined the crop and provided a worker with a place to live, seeds, tools, and a share of the harvest 2 1 1 2 scalawag 1 2 1 law passed in southern states restricting the freedoms of African Americans Enforcement Acts 1 1 black code organization that provided food, clothing, healthcare, and education for black and white refugees in the South tenant farming 2 share-tenancy 1 2 integration a negative term for a southern white man who was invited to join the Republican Party after the war a system in which a tenant paid cash rent to the landowner and was free to choose and manage his own crop similar to sharecropping, but the worker decided the crop and bought his own supplies combination of the races 2 carpetbagger a negative term for a northern white or black man who relocated to the South after the war 2 Ku Klux Klan secret organization founded during Reconstruction whose aim was to terrorize African Americans 1 1 1 Rutherford B. 2 Hayes 1 2 1 Compromise of 2 1877 1 southern, white Democrat who returned to power after 1870 resolved the contested presidential election of 1876 by giving Hayes the presidency in return for withdrawing the remaining federal troops from the South 3 entrepreneur people who invest money in a product or enterprise in order to make a profit 3 protective tariff taxes that would make imported goods cost more than those made locally 3 laissez faire a policy which allowed businesses to operate under minimal government regulation 3 patent a grant by the federal government giving an inventor the exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an invention for a set period of time 1 1 1 1 Redeemer became President through the contested election of 1876 3 Thomas Edison an inventor and creative genius who received more than 1,000 patents for new inventions 1 Bessemer 3 process suspension bridge bridges in which the roadway is suspended by steel cables time zone twenty-four zones around the world, one for each hour of the day mass production systems that depended on machinery to turn out large numbers of products quickly and inexpensively 3 corporation a form of group ownership in which a number of people share the ownership of a business 3 monopoly complete control of a product or service 3 cartel an arrangement in which businesses making the same product agree to limit production to keep prices high 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 a process for purifying iron resulting in strong, but lightweight, steel John D. Rockefelle 3 r an oil tycoon who made deals with railroads to increase his profits horizontal 3 integration a system of consolidating many firms in the same business to lower production costs 1 3 trust a situation in which companies assign their stock to a board of trustees, who combine them into a new organization 1 3 1 the practice of gaining control of many different businesses that make up all phases of a product’s development Social Darwinism an application of Charles Darwin’s work which held that wealth was a measure of one’s inherent value and those who had it were the most “fit” 3 1 3 ICC the Interstate Commerce Commission, a government body set up to oversee railroad operations Sherman Antitrust 3 Act a bill passed in 1890 which outlawed any trust that operated “in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states” 1 3 sweatshop small, hot, dark, and dirty workhouses 3 company town communities near workplaces where housing was owned by the business and rented out to employees 1 1 collective 3 bargaining 1 3 1 a steel tycoon who used vertical integration to increase his power vertical 3 integration 1 1 Andrew Carnegie socialism Knights of 3 Labor negotiating as a group for higher wages or better working conditions an economic and political philosophy that favors public, instead of private, control of property and income a labor union that included workers of any trade, skilled or unskilled 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 the leader of the Knights of Labor beginning in 1881 who encouraged boycotts and negotiations with employers Samuel Gompers a poor English immigrant who formed the AFL, a skilled workers union, in 1886 AFL American Federation of Labor, a loose organization of skilled workers from many unions devoted to specific crafts or trades Haymarket 3 Riot a labor protest in Chicago in 1886 that ended in dozens of deaths when someone threw a bomb Homestead 3 Strike an 1892 Pennsylvania steelworkers’ strike that resulted in violence between company police and strikers Eugene V. 3 Debs leader of the American Railway Union who eventually became a Socialist 3 Pullman Strike a nationwide strike in 1894 of rail workers that halted railroads and mail delivery 4 Ellis Island island in New York Harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving to the United States 1 1 1 Terence V. Powderly Chinese Exclusion 4 Act 1 4 Americanizatio n 1882 law that prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens “new” immigrant Southern and Eastern European immigrant who arrived in the United States in a great wave between 1880 and 1921 4 “melting pot” society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture 4 Angel Island immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco Bay in 1911 4 steerage third-class accommodations on a steamship, which were usually overcrowded and dirty 4 nativism belief that native-born white Americans are superior to newcomers 4 suburb residential area surrounding a city Frederick Law Olmsted a landscape engineer who designed Central Park in New York City, and parks in other major U.S. cities 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 urbanization 1 expansion of cities accompanied by an increase in the number of people living in them 4 mass transit public transportation systems that carry large numbers of people 4 skyscraper very tall building built with modern materials like steel 1 1 4 1 4 tenement 1 4 1 4 multistory building divided into apartments to squeeze in as many families as possible developer of a safety elevator that made skyscrapers more practical type of show, including dancing, singing, and comedy sketches, that became popular in the late 19th century a satirical novelist who wrote about American life in the late 1800s a competitor of Pulitzer’s who also published sensationalistic newspapers Horatio Alger a novelist who wrote about characters who succeeded through hard work 4 1 Mark Twain a person who moves from an agricultural area to a city William Randolph 4 Hearst 1 1 Elisha Otis 4 vaudeville 1 1 rural-to-urban migrant conspicuous consumeris 4 m purchasing of goods and services to impress others 4 mass culture similar consumption patterns as a result of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising 1 4 Joseph Pulitzer an immigrant who became a publisher of sensationalistic newspapers 1 4 Gilded Age term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era which was characterized by a façade of prosperity 1 5 cash crop crop such as cotton and tobacco that is grown not for its own use but to be sold for cash 1 5 1 Civil Rights Act of 5 1875 1 law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation assimilate to adopt the culture and civilization of the dominant group in a society 5 Sitting Bull Sioux chief respected as a fighter and spiritual leader 5 Chief Joseph leader of the Nez Percés who surrendered after trying to lead a group of Indian refugees to Canada 5 reservation specific area set aside by the federal government for the Indians’ use 1 1 1 network of farmers’ organizations that worked for political and economic reforms in the late 1800s 5 1 1 Farmers’ Alliance Battle of the Little Big 5 Horn Dawes General Allotment 5 1876 battle in which the Sioux defeated U.S. troops led by Colonel George Custer 1887 law that divided reservation land into private family plots 1 Sand Creek 5 Massacre 5 Wounded Knee 1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and the Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance in the Ghost Dance War 5 Homestead Act 1862 law in which the government offered farm plots of 160 acres to anyone willing to live on the land for five years, dig a well, and build a road 1 1 1 transcontinenta 5 l railroad 1 5 1 vigilante open-range 5 system 1 rail link between the eastern and western United States self-appointed law enforcer system in which ranchers did not fence in their property, allowing cattle to roam and graze freely 5 land grant land given by the federal government for building railroads 5 Exodusters African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War Las Gorras 6 Blancas a group of Mexican Americans who protested their loss of land by targeting the property of large ranch owners 1 1 1864 incident in which Colorado militia killed a camp of unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians 1 6 Jim Crow laws laws that kept blacks and whites segregated 1 1 Booker T. Washingto 6 n famous black leader who encouraged African Americans to build up their economic resources through hard work 6 Ida B. Wells an African American teacher who bought a newspaper and crusaded against the practice of lynching 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 literacy test a test, given at the polls to see if a voter could read, used to disenfranchise black citizens grandfather clause a law which allowed a person to vote only if his ancestors had voted prior to 1866, also used to disenfranchise black citizens poll tax a tax which voters were required to pay to vote W.E.B. Du Bois a black leader who argued that blacks should demand full and immediate equality civil service a system that includes federal jobs in the executive branch Pendleton Civil a law passed in 1883 that established a Civil Service Commission, which Service Act wrote a civil service exam 6 gold standard using gold as the basis of the nation’s currency 6 spoils system a system in which politicians awarded government jobs to loyal party workers with little regard for their qualifications 1 1 6 Populist Party 1 6 1 6 1 a political party formed on a platform of silver coinage, government ownership of railroads, and fighting the corrupt elite William McKinley the Republican candidate for president in 1896 Oliver H. Kelley a Minnesota farmer and businessman who organized the Grange William Jennings 6 Bryan the Democratic nominee for president in 1896 6 Grange an organization of farmers to learn about new farming methods and called for regulation railroad and grain elevator rates 7 Jane Addams leader in the settlement house movement 7 muckrakers socially conscious journalists and writers who dramatized the need for reform 7 Progressivism movement that believed honest and efficient government could bring about social justice 7 initiative gave citizens the power to propose laws 7 recall gave voters the power to remove legislators before their term is up 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Jacob Riis 1 7 1 settlement 7 house 1 7 1 Lincoln Steffens 7 direct primary 1 belief that following Christian principles could bring about social justice community center that provided services for the urban poor muckraking author of Shame of the Cities, exposed corruption in urban government allowed voters to select candidates rather than having them selected by party leaders 7 referendum allowed citizens to reject or accept laws passed by their legislature 7 Alice Paul social activist, led women to picket at the White House 7 Ida B. Wells helped to found the National Association of Colored Women temperance movement campaign to end the production, sale, and use of alcohol 1 1 1 7 1 Social Gospel muckraking photographer and author of How The Other Half Lives, exposed the condition of the urban poor Florence 7 Kelley founded the National Consumer’s League known as the NCL 1 National Consumer’s 7 League (NCL) 1 7 Nineteenth Amendment labeled and publicized “goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working conditions” 1919, granted women the right to vote 1 7 Margaret 1 7 NAWSA National American Woman Suffrage Association 1 7 suffrage the right to vote 1 7 Sanger Carrie Chapman Catt opened the first birth control clinic president of the NAWSA, campaigned to pass women’s suffrage at both the state and national levels 1 7 NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, viewed full as the only solution to racial discrimination 1 7 mutualistas Mexican American groups that provided loans, legal assistance, and disability insurance for members 1 7 Booker T. Washington 1 7 Urban 1 Anti-Defamation 7 League League legal rights favored a gradualist approach for blacks to earn rights through economic progress and employment in the skilled trades organization to assist working class African Americans with relief, jobs, clothing, and schools organization to defend Jews and others from false statements, and verbal or physical attacks 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 W.E.B. Du Bois demanded immediate and full rights for blacks as guaranteed by the Constitution 7 1 7 7 literature, California naturalist who advocated for the creation of Yosemite National Park Progressive Party Roosevelt’s party in the 1912 election Roosevelt’s program to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor Pure Food and Drug Act gave the federal government responsibility for insuring food and medicine are safe Theodore Roosevelt energetic Progressive who became the youngest president in 1901 New Nationalis 7 m 1 opposed Washington’s approach; favored education in history, and philosophy, not just in the trades John Muir 7 Square Deal 1 1 effort to replace immigrant customs with white, Protestant, middle-class practices and values Niagara 7 Movement 1 1 Americanizatio n Hepburn Act Roosevelt’s 1912 plan to restore the government’s trust-busting power gave the Interstate Commerce Committee power to limit railroad company prices 1 1 Meat Inspection 7 Act gave federal agents power to inspect and monitor the meatpacking industry National Reclamatio 7 n Act gave the federal government power to decide where and how water would be distributed in arid western states 1 7 1 1 Federal Trade Commissio 7 n group appointed by the President to monitor business practices that might lead to a monopoly Sixteenth Amendme 7 nt gave Congress the power to impose an income tax 1 7 1 1 1 Gifford Pinchot forestry official who proposed managing the forests for later public use Woodrow Wilson Progressive Democrat elected President in 1912 Federal Reserve 7 Act placed the national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board Clayton Antitrust 7 Act strengthened anti-trust laws by spelling out specific practices in which businesses could not engage • Wilmot proviso-outlaw slavery in land taken from Mexico • Secede – to break away from Union • Abraham Lincoln – Republican politician from Illinois, opposed Kansas – Nebraska Act