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The Civil War (1861-1865) CAUSES • Slavery – North: moral issue – South: economic issue • Economy – Cotton is King! – Slavery part of institution of Southern economy • State’s Rights vs. Federal Authority – Who has the power – the state or the federal government? The civil War Begins • First shots fired at Fort Sumter, SC • Lincoln responds by calling for 75,000 volunteers • Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina to secede The Border States • • • • Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland & Missouri Practiced slavery, but remained in the Union Maryland – “In the Union by the bayonet” Kentucky – “I hope God is on our side, but I have to have Kentucky” Goals of the North & South • North: to save the Union (not end slavery) • South: to be left alone, maintaining slavery Comparing the North and South Advantages • North: – – – – Better equipped Larger population More factories Railroads • South – Defensive war – Better officers – Alliance with England and France? Disadvantages • North – Had to invade the South • South – Smaller armies – No industry – Fighting taking place in their fields and towns The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee Tactics and Technology • Officers had been trained at US Military Academy • Used Napoleonic-style tactics – New rifled guns and cannon meant higher casualties • Trenches • Railroads • Telegraph Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan The “Anaconda” Plan The Battle of Bull Run • First major battle of the war • Absolute chaos!!! • Confederate victory Confederates think they can win the war The War in the West • Union victories in Tennessee, including Shiloh – Made Ulysses S. Grant a national hero • US Navy captures New Orleans The War in the East • Robert E. Lee took command in May 1862 • Smaller Confederate Army defeated the Army of the Potomac (Northern Army) again and again • Believed a defeat of the Northern armies in the North would convince England to help Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin McDowell George McClellan Joseph Hooker Ambrose Burnside Ulysses S. Grant George Meade George McClellan, Again! Battle of Antietam • September 17, 1862 • Single bloodiest day of the Civil War – 23,000 casualties • Stopped the Southern invasion of the North • Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation • • • • January 1, 1863 Ended slavery in the rebellious states Mixed support in the North 180,000 African-American served in the US Army Emancipation in 1863 1863 – The Tide Turns • Fredericksburg (December, 1862) – Disastrous loss for the Army of the Potomac • Battle of Chancellorsville – Lee’s greatest victory – Divided his army to defeat a larger Union army • Battle of Gettysburg – “High Tide of the Confederacy”; Union victory on July 3 • Vicksburg – Confederate fortress that controlled the Mississippi River – Grant captured the city on July 4 Gettysburg Casualties 1864 – the West • General Sherman – “War is all hell” • Marched from Tennessee to South Carolina – Wanted to prove to the South they could never win the war – Punishment, too Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864 The War Ends • Sherman complete his “March to the Sea” • April, 1865 – Siege of Petersburg ends – Lee escaped, but cornered at Appomattox Court House – Surrendered April 9, 1865 Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865 Casualties on Both Sides