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The Civil War
Causes
Economic differences – sectional
rivalry on slavery and the
protective tariff
Different beliefs about the type
of union of the country
Election of Lincoln as President
Struggle over control of the
central government
Way of living
Slavery
Involved individual freedom and
democratic beliefs
The South – important
The North – immoral
New states free or not??
Missouri Compromise 1820
House of Reps voted to gradually
end slavery
The North had a larger
population and the South was
losing power
Admission of Missouri as a free
state – upset the balance of 11
free and 11 slave states
The South would have a minority
in both houses
Compromise – Missouri as a slave
state and Maine as a free state to
keep the balance
A boundary at the 36º30´ parallel
To the north – only free states
To the south – slave states
Compromise of 1850
California – free state
15 free and 15 slave states
The South - running out of territory
Afraid of becoming a permanent
minority
California – free state
the Mexican Cession -Texas, the
territory from the border of the
Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific
Ocean and the province of New
Mexico – free or slave states
Popular sovereignty
Abolished the slave trade but not
slavery in the District of
Columbia
Fugitive Slave Law
Suspects had no right to:
- testify
- have a jury (runaway slaves)
No balancing slave statepermanent majority of free
states in the Senate
The abolitionists
Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle
Tom’s Cabin 1852
William Lloyd Garrison The
Liberator
Frederick Douglass
Popular sovereignty to keep the
balance between free and slave
states
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
Problem – both were north of
the boundary
Slave owners and abolitionists
rushed to settle these states
Attmpted to frighten the others
away
Violent acts on both sides
Bleeding Kansas
John Brown’s Raid
Surprise attack on five pro-
slavery men in Kansas
Beginning of the Republican
Party
No slavery in the new territories
Party founded in 1854
The Dred Scott case
Economic differences
The South – agricultural
The North – industry
Problem:
- the North had a larger
population
- the protective tariff
The South – pay tariffs to buy
goods from Europe or buy the
higher priced U.S. product
The feeling of the North trying
to grow and keep the South from
growing
Type of Union
The North – creation of the
people, states cannot secede
The South – agreement between
the states, right to obey the law
or secede
The North – had more political
power
Could pass laws that the South
might not like and would ignore
them
Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln
Republican Party
Opposed slavery
The South feared losing
economic/political
independence
South Carolina seceded 4 days
after the election
Florida, Georgia, Alabama,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas
Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis
Lincoln – secession illegal
Refused to begin a war
BUT promised to defend all
federal property
First shots by South Carolinians
when Lincoln tried to send
supplies to Fort Sumter
The South:
- all in one geographic area
- defensive war
- no long supply/communication
lines
- Robert E. Lee, Thomas J.
Jackson
The North:
- control of 2/3 of the states
- population more than double
- able to build weapons etc
- almost all the railway lines
- country’s financial resources
Bloody, bitter and long struggle
1861-1863 a stalemate in the
east
First battle at Bull Run
Confederate’s Army of Northern
Virginia defeated the Union’s
Army of the Potomac
The South – overconfident
The North – prepare for a long
and difficult war
The Confederates won several
battles in the East
Main reason – fine generals
The turning point – invasion of
Maryland
Battle at Antietam
In the West – the North
successful
General Ulysses S. Grant
Capture of Fort Henry and Fort
Donelson in 1862
Unconditional and immediate
surrender
Shiloh 1862, Vicksburg 1863,
Lookout Mountain late 1863
General William Tecumseh
Sherman
Brutality
“War .... is all hell.”
Help break the southern spirit
General Grant – in the East
July 1863 – Gettysburg –
decisive victory for the North
3 days
Lincoln’s speech – the
Gettysburg Address
Grant/Lee
Spring of 1865 – Grant captures
the confederate capital at
Richmond, Virginia
Appomattox Court House,
Virginia
“The rebels are our countrymen
again”
The Emancipation Proclamation
1863
All slaves still under Confederate
control were free
Also inspire the North to:
- help in the moral cause
- weaken the southern war effort
- discourage foreign intervention
Provided the basis for freeing all
the slaves
Abraham Lincoln
Against slavery
Pro-slavery groups – slavery
wrong
Anti-slavery – allowed slavery to
exist
Freed slaves to to save the Union
Abraham Lincoln
Extended his powers by doing so
Also by limiting freedom of the
press
Inspired the troops and the
people
Gettysburg Address
Make sure that “the government
of the people, by the people, for
the people, shall not perish from
the earth.”
Wanted to help reunite the
country
Abraham Lincoln
Died 5 days after the end of the
war
Assassinated by a pro-southern
actor John Wilkes Booth
Mourned by North and South
alike
Reconstruction 1865-1877
Controversies
Lincoln – reunite the North and
South on the North’s terms
Radical Republicans – punish
Andrew Johnson
Allow southern states to re-
establish gov-s when 10 percent
of the population had taken an
oath of allegiance (promise of
loyalty) to the U.S.
Congress – NO
New Congressmen from the
South were not recognized by
the RRs
Rejected the plan
The South – ratify the 14th
amendment and guarantee
suffrage to blacks
Only Tennessee complied
Others – divided into 5 military
districts with a Union general
leading each one
Many whites lost their right to
vote
In the South – the blacks had
some political power
Federal laws and Constitutional
amendments to help the exslaves adjust
The 13th amendment abolished
slavery
Ratified 8 months after the end
of the war
The 14th amendment – all
blacks citizens,less reps for the
states that deny their voting right
The 15th amendment – blacks
given the right to vote
Freedmen’s Bureau
Help in obtaining food, housing,
education
Nationalism over sectionalism