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Transcript
Sectionalism 4 Major Causes of the Civil War 1. 2. 3. slavery- growing moral issue in the North vs. its defense and expansion in the South Constitutional disputes- federal Union vs. states’ rights Economic differences- industrial North vs. agricultural South 1. 2. 3. 4. Tariffs Banks Internal improvements Political blunders & extremism- on both sides Economic Differences • Henry Clay’s Economic System: • How did Henry Clay’s system lead to the development of regional economics? • How did economics become a political issue? Tariffs • After War of 1812, tariffs were passed to help the Northern industries • Tariffs continued to increase- upset the South – Dependent on GB for goods – Now forced to pay more $$ for American goods – Believed the gov’t only cared about N • SC in economic trouble! – Many leaving SC for new lands in the west – Soil no longer fertile States’ Rights • John C. Calhoun needed to protect the interests of his state • Nullification theory • If federal gov’t doesn’t allow nullification of a law, then a state can secede • AJ doesn’t agree! – “Our Union must be preserved” The Tariff Showdown • John C. Calhoun • Daniel Webster Rebellious South Carolina • New tariffs in 1832 – Upsets SC • SC declares ’28 & ’32 tariffs “null and void” • Threatened to leave the Union if taxes were collected • AJ FURIOUS . . . Sees Calhoun’s acts as treasonous – Force Bill 1833- US gov’t to use force in SC – Henry Clay to the rescue . . . Passes a new bill with lower tariffs Political Sectionalism •How did the good intentions of politicians create a greater rift in US regions? •What attempts at saving the Union occur and what were their consequences? Political Issues • Land is a hot topic in the Union • Congress wanted to maintain a balance b/w slave and non-slave states • Missouri Compromise 1820 – 1819 Missouri Territory- state – Slavery a main issue-> balance of states in the Union (Senate) – Slavery established in MO- worried the North – Debates in Congress Henry Clay’s proposal •Missouri- slave state •Maine- free state •Rest of LA territory – 36-30 line •Slavery allowed below Expansion in 40-50’s • Wilmont Proviso- wanted to ban slavery in new states gain through Mexican-American war • Free Soil Movement– Not necessarily against slavery – Didn’t want slaves in new territories – Wanted whites to have more economic opportunities out west and didn’t want to compete with free blacks or slave labor – “free soilers”est. political party in 1848 • “free soil, free labor, and free men” New lands • South wanted new states to allow slavery & North doesn’t • Saw Northern attempts to limit slavery as a violation of their constitutional rights – Abolitionists & free-soilers a threat to slavery • Wanted to extend MO Compromise line to Pacific Ocean Popular Sovereignty • Congress in charge of deciding whether states allow slaves or not • Lewis Cass (MI) proposes that the citizens decide – People vote on the issue – Moderates on both side support the idea Election of 1848 • Democrats- Lewis Cass • Whigs- Zachary Taylor • Free-Soil Party- Martin Van Buren – **Taylor barely wins •Has NO position on slavery •South thinks he’ll be on their side Compromise of 1850 • Gold rush in CA- population booming, ready to apply for statehood • CA bans slavery in their constitution= upsets S – Even Taylor wants CA as a non-slave state – Upsets many radical Southerners- meet in Nashville in 1850 “fire eaters” • 1850 Henry Clay proposes a compromise Compromise of 1850 • CA admitted as a free state • Utah & New Mexico divided into 2 territories- allow popular sovereignty • New territories gain land in dispute to new terr. (b/w TX & NX territory) & assume TX’s debt • Ban slave trade in DC, but whites can own slaves in the city • New Fugitive Slave law- harsher and more enforced Debates over the Compromise • 3 men: Clay, Calhoun & Daniel Webster • Calhoun: against • Webster: for comp.; upsets N. England • Clay: for • **Taylor against compromise, but dies and his VP Millard Fillmore signs bill into law – After Stephen Douglass passes separate parts of act – **Act buys the Union some time Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 • Nebraska Territory split into 2 smaller territories • Stephen Douglass (D) pushes for this legislation in Congress – Allow new territories to have popular sovereignty – Problem?? • Why does Douglass “help” the South? • Kills the Whig Party . . . Why? Consequences of Act • Passed in Congress • Disrupts the peace from Compromise of 1850 • Repeals Missouri Compromise • N. Democrats upset with Douglass – Destroys his political career – Many Dems. Want to leave party New Political Parties • Know-Nothing – Tensions in the north due to diversity • Anti-Catholic and anti-immigration – Nativists form a political party – Weakens Whig party • Republican – Formed directly after K/N Act (opposition) – Who? Free-Soiler, anti-slavery Whigs & Democrats • Western and northern moderates – Wanted repeal of K/N Act & Fugitive Slave law – Abolitionists join later – Early on- wanted slavery confined to the South Know-Nothing party Bleeding Kansas • MO slaveholders est. homesteads in Kansas • Anti-slavery settlers move to KS also (with $$) • Fighting breaks out b/w 2 groups over slave issue-> “bleeding Kansas” • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/a ia/part4/4p2952.html Slavery Issue • Fugitive Slave Law – Resisted by northerners – Track down runaways, capture them & return home – Slave cases in federal court jurisdiction – Tougher penalties for helping runaways – Northerners find loopholes Underground RR • network throughout South & Middle States to ensure freedom for runaways • Not well organized or run by white abolitionistsmostly ex-slaves – Harriet Tubman •19 trips & 300 slaves Underground RR Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852 – Lived in Cincinnati • Instant best seller • Argues that slavery changes normal people • Helped Abolitionist cause • Banned in the South Abolitionists • William Lloyd Garrison • Frederick Douglass Dred Scott decision • Dred Scott a MO slave and lives in Wisconsin for 2 years • Back in MO & sues for freedom • Case appealed and ends at SC – Scott has no right to sue in federal court – Due process & property – MO Compromise is unconstitutional Lincoln- Douglass Debates • 1858 Senatorial election in Illinois • Stephen Douglass v. Abraham Lincoln Douglass Lincoln Debates • Slavery a hot topic – Douglass argues that Lincoln wants racial equality, but he promises he doesn’t – Douglass wanted popular sovereignty . . . He believed it would die out anyways • Douglass wins due to his aggressiveness, but destroys his chance of wining presidential election in 1860 Harper’s Ferry • John Brown- divine right hand of God • His plan- take group of men and capture the US arsenal – Slaves will naturally join him – United front will take on plantation owners • October 16, 1859 – No slaves come! – Federal troops put down the raid (Lee) Reaction to the attack • South-Fear, condemnation • North- frown on Brown at 1st, but later see him as a martyr • Increased tension b/w regions Steps to war . . . • • • • • • • • Missouri Compromise Election of 1848 Compromise of 1850 Kansas Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas New political parties Dred Scott decision Harper’s Ferry • Economic differences • Election of 1860 Election of 1860 • April 1860 Democratic Convention in Charleston – – – – – – – Bad location South wants party to denounce PS “fire-eaters” Douglass expecting nomination, but trouble occurs AL delegates walk out when party refuses to denounce PS 50 men follow (1/3 of delegates) Can’t get enough votes at Convention • Reconvene in Baltimore (Douglass) • Party spilt . . . No way they will win Republicans • Chicago, IL • Good chance of winning • Platform – No expansion of slavery – High tariff – Advocate Homestead Act- give land to those who move to territories • Candidate: Lincoln after 3 tries Vote!! Vote!! Vote!! • Election of 1860 • 4 candidates: – John Breckinridge (S Dems) – Stephen Douglas (N Dems) – John Bell (Constitutional Union Party- wins border states – Lincoln (Rep) •Wins most of votes •40% of popular vote Electoral Votes South’s reaction • Secession theory: – Each state was a sovereign body until joining the Union, they just agreed to give over some rights – When gov’t breaks contract, they have the right to leave • What causes the South to believe the contract has been broken?? – Lincoln’s election (tyranny) • SC Holds the 1st state convention to decide Dec. 1860 – Thought the energy would move to other states – It does, but not all southerners were prosecession • 3 groups of Southerners: – Unionists- no right to leave – Fire-eaters- radicals – Cooperationist or conditional unionistsmajority • Didn’t want to leave unless there’s an overt act by the North – Example: Alexander Stephens- wants to give Lincoln a chance Secession in order . . . States Date Votes SC Dec. 20, 1860 169-0 MS Jan. 9, 1861 84-15 FL Jan. 10th 62-7 AL Jan. 11th 61-39 GA Jan. 19th 208-89 LA Jan. 26th 113-17 TX Feb. 1st 166-8 Georgia & Secession Montgomery, AL • February 1861 • 7 states meet to write a constitution – Slavery allowed – Secession forbidden • Moderates in charge • Jefferson Davis- president • Alexander Stephens- VP South Carolina • All over South- start capturing arsenals • South demands surrender of Fort Sumter (Charleston) – Robert Anderson pleads to Lincoln for help • In March 1861, Lincoln makes a speech – Won’t make the 1st shot – Will protect federal laws & property Fort Sumter • Lincoln sends supplies and South refuses to allow them • PT Beauregard (S) advises Anderson to give up – April 12th 4:30 pm 1st cannons fired – April 14th Anderson surrenders ** Lincoln says this is an attack and calls for troops! *** VA, AK, TN, & NC follow