Download The Road to Gettysburg

CHAPTER 17:
THE TIDE OF WAR TURNS
Section 3: The North Wins
Today we will trace the war
from Antietam to Gettysburg.
Vocabulary
• trace – to follow a series of events
• theater – a major area of military activity
• address – public speech
• siege – surrounding a fortified place so as
to isolate it from help and supplies until it
surrenders
What We Already Know
Lincoln had a difficult time finding an effective
general to command the Union armies.
What We Already Know
Most battles in the
Eastern Theater had
resulted in Confederate
victories.
What We Already Know
Lee’s first invasion of the North
was stopped by McClellan’s Union
forces at Antietam.
The Road to Gettysburg
Battle of Antietam (September 1862) –
McClellan stopped Lee’s Northern invasion,
but failed to finish off Lee’s army, which
retreated safely to Virginia. (so…what happened to McClellan?)
The Road to Gettysburg
• Lincoln fired McClellan
for his failure to pursue
Lee after Antietam.
• He replaced him with
Ambrose Burnside, but
Burnside also proved to
be a disappointment.
The Battle of Fredericksburg,
Virginia (December, 1862)
Burnside’s men had to build
pontoon bridges to cross the
Rappahannock River before they
could attack Confederate troops in
the town.
Burnside had to send landing parties over in boats
during the night to drive off sharpshooters that were
firing at the bridge builders.
The Battle of Fredericksburg
Burnside ordered
sixteen separate
charges by his
men to attack the
Confederate
troops
positioned on the
high ground
above the river.
The Confederates fought from trenches and a stone
wall at the top of a hill overlooking the river, and
poured fire down on the advancing Union soldiers.
• The Union suffered 12,600 killed or wounded.
• Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph
Hooker.
The Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia
(May, 1863)
With half as many men as Hooker, Lee still
managed to cut the Union forces to pieces.
The Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia
(May, 1863)
• As General “Stonewall”
Jackson returned from a
patrol on May 2,
Confederate sentries
thought he was a Union
soldier and shot him in
the left arm.
• A surgeon amputated
the arm, but Jackson
caught pneumonia and
died a week later.
The Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia
May 1863
When he learned of Jackson’s wounds and
amputation, Lee remarked, “He has lost
his left arm, but I have lost my right.”
Lee’s Second Invasion
of the North
• Lee hoped that a
Confederate victory in
Union territory would fuel
Northern discontent with
the war and bring calls for
peace.
• He also hoped a Southern
victory would lead
European nations to give
diplomatic recognition and
aid to the Confederacy.
The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3)
• Lee crossed into southern Pennsylvania. He
entered Gettysburg looking for shoes for his
men, but ran into Union troops.
• The fighting would rage for three days, with
90,000 Union troops commanded by General
George Meade facing 75,000 Confederates led by
Lee.
Gettysburg’s Unique
Geographic Features
• Cemetery Ridge
• Little Round Top
• Devil’s Den
July 1 – Lee’s men entered Gettysburg,
but were slowed by Union cavalry.
Throughout the day, Lee’s forces poured
into Gettysburg, as did Union troops
from the south.
By day’s end, Lee’s troops held the
town, while Union troops were driven
back to positions south of Gettysburg
on a piece of high ground called
Cemetery Ridge.
July 2 – Confederates attacked Union
positions and tried to flank
them at Little Round Top.
Heroic efforts by Union soldiers
from Maine kept Lee’s men from
gaining the advantage on Meade’s
position along Cemetery Ridge.
July 3 – Pickett’s Charge
Lee ordered
General
George Pickett
to mount a
direct attack on
the middle of
the Union line.
July 3 – Pickett’s Charge
13,000 rebel troops charged up the ridge
into heavy Union fire.
July 3 – Pickett’s Charge
Pickett’s men were torn to pieces by Union soldiers
who chanted, “Fredericksburg, Fredericksburg !”
Pickett’s 13,000 man division started in the trees…
…and marched one (1) mile to Union lines…
July 3 – Pickett’s Charge
The Confederates retreated, but again the Union
general Meade failed to pursue Lee’s army.
The Union Victory at
Gettysburg
• Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory in
the North were crushed.
• The North had lost 23,000 men, but over
one-third of Lee’s army, 28,000 men, lay
dead or wounded.
The Union Victory at
Gettysburg
• Lee led his army back to Virginia
and never again invaded the North.
• Britain gave up all thought of
supporting the South.
Why the Battle of Gettysburg
was considered an important
turning point in the Civil War?
Choose all that are true!
1. Why the Battle of Gettysburg
considered an important turning
point in the Civil War?
A. It ended Lee's second invasion of the North.
B. Lee lost over one-third of his army.
C. The Union victory helped Lincoln win
reelection in 1864.
D. It revealed Grant as a Union general who
could win tough victories.
E. The defeat ended Southern hopes of
European diplomatic recognition and aid.
Choose all that are true!
The Gettysburg Address
On
November 19,
1863, President
Lincoln
spoke at the
dedication of a
cemetery in
Gettysburg for
the
Union
soldiers buried
there.
The Gettysburg Address
• His speech was short,
and few who heard it
were impressed.
Lincoln himself called
it “a flat failure.”
• Even so, the
Gettysburg Address
has since been
recognized as one of
the greatest speeches of
all time.
The Gettysburg Address
• In it, Lincoln declared that the nation was
founded on “the proposition that all men
are created equal.”
• He ended with a plea to continue the fight
for democracy so that “government of the
people, by the people, for the people shall
not perish from the earth.”
2. Which of Jefferson’s
‘self-evident truths’ did Lincoln
mention in his Gettysburg Address?
A. All men are created equal.
B. All men are given unalienable rights
by their Creator.
C. Governments are created to protect
the rights of the people.
D. Life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness are some of the people's
rights.
The Fall of Vicksburg
(July 4, 1863)
Vicksburg was the last major Confederate
stronghold on the Mississippi River.
The city's geographical location on the
high bluffs overlooking a hairpin turn in
the river made it ideal for defense.
The approach from the east was
rugged and well-guarded.
The Confederates had constructed a line of defense
consisting of nine major forts connected by a
continuous line of trenches and rifle pits.
The line formed a huge semicircle around
Vicksburg, manned by a garrison of 30,000 men.
Grant’s Strategy
By late spring 1863, Grant had spent
months unsuccessfully attacking the
city from the east.
Grant’s Strategy
• Grant decided to march
the Union army down
the west side of the
river, and cross back
over to the area south
of Vicksburg.
• With grim determina–
tion, Grant ordered his
men to cut a road
through the thick forest
and swamp on the west
side of the river.
Grant’s Strategy
• As Grant's infantrymen slogged their way south,
the Union fleet ran by the guns at Vicksburg
under the cover of darkness.
• The fleet withstood the punishing fire that poured
forth from Confederate cannon with the loss of
only one ship.
• By morning, the Union fleet was below Vicksburg.
In a few days, Grant
used the Union
ships to land 22,000
men on the east
bank of the river
and began moving
them north to capture
Vicksburg.
Grant’s Strategy
After burning Mississippi’s capital city of Jackson,
Grant marched to Vicksburg and drove the
Confederate army, commanded by
General John C. Pemberton, back into the city.
The Siege
Throughout the
month of May and
into June, Union
soldiers slowly
extended their lines
to the left and right
until they
encircled
Vicksburg.
• The Confederates inside Vicksburg were
cut off from all supplies, but the
citizens still refused to surrender.
• Disease and starvation began to spread
rapidly through the city as the summer
dragged on and the siege continued.
Vicksburg
The Siege
Finally, on the morning of July 4, 1863, the
Confederates surrendered, turned over their
weapons and other equipment, and were
allowed to return home.
• Since New Orleans had been taken the previous
spring, the Union now had total control over the
Mississippi River, and the South was split in two.
• The Anaconda Plan was now almost complete.
• The tide of war turned in favor of the North.
The Importance of Vicksburg
In Grant, Lincoln found a man who was willing
to fight no matter how great the odds.
March 1864 – Lincoln names
General Grant commander of
all the Union armies
Grant’s plan to defeat the
Confederacy – His men would
pursue Lee’s army in Virginia,
while Union forces under
General William Tecumseh
Sherman pushed through the
Deep South to the Atlantic
coast.
Grant as
Union
Commander
Why was Northern success in the
Siege of Vicksburg important?
Choose all that are true!
3. Why was Northern success in
the Siege of Vicksburg important?
A. The Confederacy was cut in two.
B. Grant was recognized as a general
who could win tough victories.
C. The Confederacy’s Anaconda Plan
was almost complete.
D. Lee finally admitted defeat and
surrendered to Grant.
E. The Union gained control of the
Mississippi River.
Choose all that are true!
CHAPTER 17:
THE TIDE OF WAR TURNS
Section 3: The North Wins
Today we will
trace the war
from
Gettysburg to
Appomattox.
Vocabulary
• inaugural address – speech given by a
newly-elected president
• platform – statement of what a political
party stands for
• malice – hatred or hard feelings
What We Already Know
Lee’s defeat at Gettysburg made Confederate
hopes for victory seem unlikely.
What We Already Know
Before Vicksburg fell in
July 1863, nearly all the
major battles of the Civil
War had been fought in
Virginia or Tennessee,
leaving the Deep South
untouched by war.
What We Already Know
Because of his
successes in the
Western Theater,
especially at the Siege
of Vicksburg, Ulysses S.
Grant was appointed
commander of the
Union armies by
President Lincoln.
Sherman’s Total War
• September 1864 –
Sherman took Atlanta,
then set out on a march to
the sea, cutting a path of
destruction up to 60 miles
wide and 300 miles long
through Georgia.
• Total war: not only against
enemy troops, but against
everything that supports
the enemy...
Sherman’s Total War
• His troops tore up rail lines,
destroyed crops, and burned
and looted towns.
• Sherman’s triumph in Atlanta
would be especially important
for President Lincoln.
Who was William Tecumseh
Sherman?
A. Confederate general
B. Led troops on the
“March to the Sea”
C. Replaced Grant after
Vicksburg
D. Captured Atlanta
E. Waged total war
against civilians
Choose all that
describe Sherman!
How did General William T. Sherman
wage total war against the South
during his March to the Sea?
Choose all that are true!
4. How did General William T.
Sherman wage total war against the
South during his March to the Sea?
A. His men lived off the land, taking anything they
wanted from Confederate civilians' homes.
B. He burned farms and towns, and destroyed
Southern railroads wherever he went.
C. He laid siege to Petersburg, but failed to take it.
D. He captured cities like Atlanta and Savannah.
E. He set up new governments in defeated
Confederate cities.
Choose all that are true!
Lincoln’s Re-election
• In 1864, the president was running for
reelection, but many Northerners were
tired of war.
• Democrats nominated George McClellan,
who ran on an antiwar platform.
Lincoln’s Re-election
• Because of Sherman’s
successful march
through the South,
Northerners could
sense a Union victory
could become a reality.
• Lincoln won with 55
percent of the popular
vote in the November
election.
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural
Address
Lincoln hoped for a
speedy end to the
war, and in his
speech, he spoke of
his desire for the
nation to make it
easier for the South to
surrender and return
to the Union.
Lincoln’s Second
Inaugural Address
“With malice towards
none; with charity for all; .
. . let us strive on to finish
the work we are in; to
bind up the nation’s
wounds; . . . to do all
which may achieve and
cherish a just, and a
lasting peace.”
Why were Sherman’s victories
important for Lincoln?
5. Why were Sherman’s
victories important for Lincoln?
A. They ended Lee's second invasion of
the North.
B. They ended Southern hopes of
European diplomatic recognition and
foreign aid.
C. They proved that Sherman was the
general Lincoln needed.
D. They helped him win reelection in 1864.
In his Second Inaugural Address, what
message did Lincoln send about the
next task facing the nation?
6. In his Second Inaugural Address,
what message did Lincoln send about
the next task facing the nation?
A. He called on the nation to utterly destroy
the Southern economy.
B. He called on the nation to finish the war
and forgive the South for causing it.
C. He called on the nation to make the
Southern states pay for their decision to
secede.
D. He called on the nation to make all the
sacrifices necessary to win the war.
Grant’s Virginia Campaign
Since May
1864, Grant
and his
generals had
been fighting
battle after
battle, all the
while moving
south toward
Richmond.
Grant’s Virginia Campaign
• In the Battle of the
Wilderness (May,
1864) Union and
Confederate forces
fought in a tangle of
trees and brush so
thick that they could
barely see each other.
• Fire broke out during
the battle, and some
of the wounded
burned to death.
• Grant lost over 17,000
men, but pushed on.
Grant’s Virginia Campaign
Grant’s strategy involved pressing Lee without
letting up, forcing him to use up men and supplies.
At the Battle of Cold Harbor (June, 1864),
the union lost 7,000 casualties, most in the
first few minutes of battle.
Grant’s Virginia Campaign
Grant’s forces continued to press on toward
Richmond, with Lee’s troops trying to retreat
as slowly as possible.
But while Grant could always call for fresh
supplies and reinforcements, every skirmish
weakened Lee’s ability to continue fighting.
Petersburg (June, 1864)
• Unable to break through the rebel defenses,
the Union forces dug trenches and settled in
for a ten-month siege at Petersburg, outside
Richmond.
• With Grant tightening his noose around
Richmond, Lee pulled out eventually, and
the city fell on April 3, 1865.
Surrender at Appomattox
• Lee wanted to keep
fighting, but he knew
that his situation
was hopeless.
• He sent a message
to General Grant that
he was ready to
surrender.
Surrender at Appomattox
On April 9, 1865,
Lee and Grant
met in the small
Virginia town of
Appomattox
Court House to
arrange the
surrender.
Surrender at Appomattox
• Grant offered generous terms of surrender.
• After giving up their arms, Lee’s men could return
home with their private possessions and horses.
Surrender at Appomattox
• Grant gave food to the Confederate
soldiers. After four long years, the
Civil War was finally coming to a close.
7. How did Grant force Lee to
surrender?
7. How did Grant force
Lee to surrender?
A. He cut off all of Lee’s possible routes
of retreat from Antietam.
B. He surrounded Lee at Vicksburg.
C. He relentlessly attacked Lee's forces
without letting up.
D. He threatened to execute Confederate
prisoners of war.
8. How did Grant treat Confederate
soldiers after the surrender at
Appomattox Court House?
Choose all that are true!
8. How did Grant treat Confederate
soldiers after the surrender at
Appomattox Court House?
A. He held Confederate officers as
prisoners of war.
B. He provided the rebel troops with food.
C. He allowed Lee's men to keep their mules
and horses.
D. He let the Confederate troops return to
their homes.
E. He exchanged them for Union soldiers
captured by other Confederate forces.
Choose all that are true!
17.4
is next
Copy the following chart on Portfolio p58
Gettysburg
Strategic
importance
Unique geographic
features
Union battle plan
Lee’s failed
attempts
Reasons for Lee’s
failure
Copy the following chart on Portfolio p59
Vicksburg
Strategic
importance
Unique
geographic
features
Determination of
the citizens
Grant’s failure to
take the city
Grant’s
successful plan
a) Why did Lincoln angrily fire General George Meade, even
though Meade had defeated Lee at Gettysburg?
b) How did the fall of Vicksburg accomplish part of the
Anaconda Plan?
Copy the following chart on the TOP of the
page of Portfolio p59
(Copy this on the first eleven lines of the page!)
Gettysburg
(Only one line for the title!)
Strategic
importance
Unique geographic
features
Union battle plan
Lee’s failed
attempts
Reasons for Lee’s
failure
Two lines for
each row of this
chart!
Copy this on the next eleven lines of Portfolio p59
Vicksburg
Only one line for the title!
Strategic
importance
Unique
geographic
features
Determination of
the citizens
Two lines for
each row of this
chart!
Grant’s failure to
take the city
Grant’s
successful plan
a) Why did Lincoln angrily fire General George Meade, even
though Meade had defeated Lee at Gettysburg?
b) How did the fall of Vicksburg accomplish part of the
Anaconda Plan?