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Lincoln’s Plans for Reconstruction Pardon Confederate officials Form new governments Send southern representatives to Congress Freedmen’s Bureau created to assist former slaves Presidential Reconstruction President Andrew Johnson’s Plan: (based on Lincoln’s) Ratify 13th Amendment Accept supreme power of U.S. government Amnesty (forgiveness) to southerners Return property Each state had to write a new constitution: declare secession illegal & abolish slavery Congressional Reaction Radical Republicans: Nickname for party members leading Congress Believed the federal gov’t should play an active role in remaking South Goals: Destroy South’s old ruling class Make it a place of small farms, free schools, respect for labor, & political equality for all Black codes –laws passed in the South to limit the freedom of former slaves Northerners suspected Southerners were trying to bring back the “Old South” (slavery) Congressional Legislation 13th Amendment Abolished slavery Civil Rights Act of 1866 All persons born in the U.S. are citizens All citizens are entitled to equal rights 14th Amendment All born in the U.S. are citizens All citizens granted “equal protection of the law” Congressional Legislation Reconstruction Acts South=5 military districts Voting for all adult males Ratify 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Cannot deny a person right to vote on race, color, or previous condition of servitude 1870 1866 1868 1868 1868 1870 1868 1868 1870 1870 1868 1870 Date readmitted to the Union Boundary of military district Presidential Impeachment Johnson tried to block Congressional Reconstruction Congress passed Tenure of Office Act President cannot fire govt. employees without permission Johnson suspended Sec. of War & tried to hire a new one House of Representatives impeached the President for wrongdoing against public office Avoided removal in the Senate by one vote African Americans in Congress During Reconstruction, more than 600 African American served in state legislatures 14 U.S. Congressman from Southern states Hiram Revels-1st African American to serve as a senator During the war he was a minister in a church & recruited blacks to fight for the Union From left to right: Senator Hiram R. Revels and Representatives Benjamin S. Turner, Robert D. De Large, Josiah T. Walls, Jefferson H. Long, Joseph H. Rainey, and Robert Brown Elliot. Contract System of Labor Former slaves worked on plantations as paid workers with contracts Pros – Chose who to work for Families could not be split up Cons – Wages were poor Workers cheated Punished for breaking contracts Sharecropping Most Americans (mostly freed people) could not afford land Tenant farming Rent land to grow crops Sharecropper Worker who rents land from the land owner Pays for seeds/supplies with profits from sales Sharecropper cycle Forced to grow cash crops & buy food on credit When crops were sold profit didn’t pay debt, so debt carried over to the next year Fighting Reconstruction Groups like the White League and Ku Klux Klan Secret southern group that did not want African Americans to have rights Their objective was to restore Democratic control & keep African Americans powerless Attacked African-Americans targeting those that owned land or were prosperous Beat people, burned homes, lynched people The New-“Old South" About 500,000 freedmen voted in the South during the 1868 election Most freedmen supported Grant Women were angered by the 15th Amendment Uneducated former slaves received the right to vote, but educated white women did not Imposed poll taxes & literacy tests to restrict African Americans from voting Grant urged Congress to pass an anti-Klan bill to stop the terrorizing of AfricanAmericans Bill led to a more fair election in 1872 Grant's Bad Decisions Scandals within Grant’s administration hurt the Republican Party Grant put unqualified army friends & his wife’s relatives in government positions Panic of 1873 Many powerful Eastern banks made bad loans, ran out of money, & shut down Stock market temporarily closed & RR industry suffered Impact of the Panic of 1873 Run on the bank (1873) More than 18,000 companies shut down & thousands lost jobs Republicans lost power due to public blame Democrats won victories in 1874 & tried to restore the old south Rutherford B. Hayes wins Election of 1876 Republicans & Democrats claimed victory in 3 southern states Compromise of 1877-solved the election & gave concessions to both sides in the South Opening the Great Plains The frontier was the sparsely populated area on the western side of the nation The Great Plains was area stretched from the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains Transcontinental RR carried resources of the west to markets in the East & brought miners, ranchers and farmers west to develop the western resources further The U.S. government forced the Native Americans on the Great Plains onto Reservations Growth & Expansion Homestead Act Government encouraged western settlement 160 acres of free land to anyone who agreed to live on the land for 5 years & improve it Morrill Act Federal land to fund public colleges that taught agriculture & mechanical arts Dawes Act Encourage Native Americans to give up their traditional cultures and become farmers Sent children to schools to be “Americanized” Post Reconstruction South Restrict the rights of African Americans when they passed laws restricting their freedoms Literacy tests & poll taxes Prevent blacks from voting Jim Crow laws forced separation of white & black people in public places Segregation through separate schools, restrooms, & seating Court case upheld these laws by declaring them “separate but equal” & not a violation of the 14th Amendment