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The American Civil War
Causes of the Civil War
• The Causes of the war were many, but included the following:
1. The Compromise of 1850
2. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
3. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
4. Formation of the Republican Party (1856)
5. “Bleeding Kansas” (1856)
6. __________ v. Sanford (1857)
7. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
8. Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry (1859)
North
Abraham Lincoln
Ulysses Grant, William T.
Sherman
Washington D.C.
23 states – 22 million
Established
Government
Abraham Lincoln
Large Population
Manufacturing
75% more railroads
Wealth
Difficult military
leadership
Weak motivation
Far from home
Long coastline to
blockade
v.
South
President
Jefferson Davis
General(s)
Robert E. Lee
_________
Richmond, VA
Population
11 states – 9 million
Advantages
Reason for Fighting
Defensive War
Better military
leaders
Military tradition
Could trade cotton
on world market
Disadvantages
Jefferson Davis
Inflation
States’ Rights
Inferior men, money,
machines
The Early Years of the War
1861-1862
• The war was initially fought both in the East (mainly Virginia) and in
the West (Tennessee).
• The Union plan, called the _______________ by critics, proposed to:
– Capture Richmond
– Blockade the Atlantic Coast
– Gain control of the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two.
• Most victories early in the war went to the _______________
• Lincoln had begun a search for a general that would last him two long,
bloody years.
Fort Sumter
April 12-14, 1861
Charleston, South Carolina
• Lincoln ordered
reinforcements of the Fort,
and the Confederates
attacked
• First firing of the Civil
War—South fires on
_______ property!!
• No one was killed by the
firing, but Lincoln’s call
for volunteers convinced
the last four Confederate
states to __________
First Bull Run
Manassas, Virginia
July 21, 1861
•
•
•
Both sides predicted victory within
90 days, and this first battle was
met with a carnival spirit.
Confused and defeated, the Union
retreat turned to chaos as the army
passed the civilians who had
brought picnics out from
Washington to “watch the war”.
Both sides realized that this war
would not be short, but long and
bloody.
Engaged 35,000
Casualties 2,890
Engaged 29,000
Casualties 1,982
Shiloh
Shiloh, Tennessee
April 6-7, 1862
• ___________ surprise
attack- attempt to control
the West
• ______ recovered and
barely won – led by
Sherman and Grant
Engaged 62,000
Casualties 13,000
Engaged 44,000
Casualties 11,000
Antietam
Sharpsburg, Maryland
September 17, 1862
*Bloodiest Day in American
History*
Lee’s 1st invasion of the North
o Lee hoped to win __________ support (and supplies) for
the South and win European support
o Lincoln needed a Northern victory to issue an
___________________________
o The North knew Lee’s plans but Lee was able to rebound
quickly
o The battle was a draw, but Lee retreated South of the
Potomac
Antietam
Engaged 85,000
Casualties 12,410
Engaged 45,000
Casualties 11,172
Results of Battle:
•South’s hopes of ___________ were dashed
•Lincoln issued preliminary
_________________________
This photo of the battle of ________ was one of the first battle photos
ever taken.
Dunker Church
Ironically, the Dunkers were a pacifist sect. In four hours of
fighting around this church, 13,000 men fell.
Burnside Bridge
General Burnside forced his men to cross this narrow bridge even though
the surrounding water was shallow enough to ford.
Confederate dead at Antietam
Fredericksburg
Fredericksburg, Virginia
December 13, 1862
• This Union loss halted the
march on ___________
• Union losses were heavy
as they marched across an
open field; many wounded
froze to death overnight
Engaged 120,000
Casualties 12,630
Engaged 79,000
Casualties 5,300
Wounded soldiers at Fredericksburg
Confederate dead at Fredericksburg
These Confederate dead are waiting to be buried
Chancellorsville
near Fredericksburg, Virginia
May 1-5, 1863
• Lee again repulsed a march on Richmond
• Perhaps Lee’s greatest _______, the Rebels
suffered the loss of Stonewall Jackson to
friendly fire
• The poor morale of the Union troops
convinced Lee to again invade the North
Engaged 130,000
Casualties 17,000
Engaged 60,000
Casualties 13,000
Gettysburg
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
July 1-3, 1863
• _________ ______ __ ___
______________
• Lee had several goals:
– Draw the Union army
out of Virginia
– Fuel anti-war feeling in
the North
– Feeding and supplying
his troops
– Last-ditch effort to win
foreign aid
• The first two days fought to a draw, Lee made a
bold attempt to win– _________ ______, sending
thousands marching over a mile across an open
field and in which more the 50% of the Rebels
died
• Lee was never able to recover from this loss of
men- Gettysburg is the bloodiest battle of the war,
the worst ever fought on American soil.
Engaged 95,000
Casualties 23,000
Engaged 80,000
Casualties 28,000
Gettysburg
Confederate Dead at Devil’s Den
The hand-to-hand fighting was fierce – one in every
three men in the 4th Maine was killed
Union dead July 1st and 2nd
Gettysburg Address
This crowd at the dedication of the __________ ________ in
November, 1863 hears Lincoln utter, in less than three minutes,
one of the greatest political speeches in American history.
Vicksburg
Vicksburg, Mississippi
May 19 – July 4, 1863
• Major Union _______
after a long siege:
• Gave _____ control of the
Mississippi and cut the
Confederacy in half
• Brought U.S. _____ into
the spotlight
Engaged 75,000
Casualties 9,362
Engaged 30,000
Casualties 1,000
Captured 29,000
The Wilderness
west of Fredericksburg, Virginia
May 5-6, 1864
• Grant, marching on Richmond, engaged in a
war of _________ that Lee could not afford
• The dense wood made for low visibility and
fighting at close range
• The firing ignited a forest fire from which
many wounded were unable to escape
Engaged 119,000
Casualties 18,000
Engaged 62,000
Casualties 10,800
The Wilderness
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia
July to December, 1864
• Sherman wanted to break the South’s ___
__ _______
• Sherman cut his army from supply lines and
lived off ___ _____
• The army cut a sixty-mile wide path of
destruction, virtually destroying the state
All of these incidents stemmed from the same root question:
Who is more important, the states or the Federal
government?
Appomattox Court House
April 9, 1865
Appomattox Court House, Virginia
• Lee surrendered his starving troops to Grant
• Grant gave Lee and his men generous terms
• The Union soldiers, cheering the end of the war,
were stopped by Grant to show respect to the
Confederates
The Human Cost of the War
Dead
Wounded
Total
North
364,511
288,881
646,392
South
260,000
194,000
454,000
Total
624,511
475,881
1,100,392
The Union armies had from 2,500,000 to 2,750,000 men. Their losses,
by the best estimates:
Battle deaths: 110,070
Disease, etc.: 250,152
Total
360,222
The Confederate strength, known less accurately because of missing
records, was from 750,000 to 1,250,000. Its estimated losses:
Battle deaths: 94,000
Disease, etc.:
Total
164,000
258,000
Confederate losses by states, in dead and wounded only, and with
many records missing (especially those of Alabama):
North Carolina 20,602
Virginia
6,947
Mississippi
6,807
South Carolina 4,760
Arkansas
3,782
Georgia
3,702
Tennessee
3,425
Louisiana
3,059
Texas
1,260
Florida
1,047
Alabama
724
(Statisticians recognize these as fragmentary, from a report of 1866;
they serve as a rough guide to relative losses by states).
In addition to its dead and wounded from battle and disease, the
Union listed:
Deaths in Prison
24,866
Drowning
Accidental deaths
Murdered
Suicides
4,944
4,144
520
391
Sunstroke
313
Military executions 267
Killed after capture 104
Executed by enemy 64
Unclassified
14,155
The Economic Cost of the War
• In dollars and cents, the U.S. government
estimated Jan. 1863 that the war was costing
$2.5 million daily. A final official estimate in
1879 totaled $6,190,000,000. The Confederacy
spent perhaps $2,099,808,707. By 1906 another
$3.3 billion already had been spent by the U.S.
government on Northerners' pensions and
other veterans' benefits for former Federal
soldiers
The Faces of the Civil War
Abraham Lincoln
Our __th President, Lincoln was a
self-made man. Lincoln was an
ambitious, prosperous lawyer from
Illinois who led the Union while
maintaining the belief that the
American experiment of democracy
was sacred and must be preserved.
Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes
Booth on April 14, 1865, and died the
following day.
Robert E. Lee
Lee did not approve of
secession or of slavery,
but he could not fight
against his native
Virginia. After the war
he encouraged his fellow
Southerners to accept
their defeat and rejoin the
Union. He died in 1870.