Download The Civil War

The Civil War
A Nation Divided
Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln
• Inherent Advantages for Lincoln
– North long established government
– financially stable
– Internationally recognized
• Cabinet: Team of Rivals…why?
– William Seward: Secretary of State
– Salmon Chase: Secretary of Treasury
– Edwin Stanton: Secretary of Defense (1862)
– Edward Bates: Attorney General
Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln
• Lincoln’s Goal at the outset: Preserve the
Union
– Why does Lincoln not come out and make this a
war about Emancipation?
• Border States
• IL, IN, OH not supportive of war effort
• Many pro-slavery sympathizers in North
– Lincoln walks the political tight rope…
– Does this work against the claim that the Civil War
was over the issue of slavery?
Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln
• Lincoln played diplomatic game (William Seward…key)
– Constant Eye on Relations with Europe
– Wisely backed down in Trent Affair
– Issuing of Emancipation Proclamation…perfectly timed
• Lincoln’s bold Executive Actions
– Congress out of session
• Lincoln install blockade
• Increased the size of the army w/o Congress. Authorization
– Suspended writ of habeas corpus
– Instituted Martial Law where needed
– Censored newspapers, arrested editors who publish “antiunion” materials
Jefferson Davis and Confederacy
• Confederacy built upon unstable government
– Form of government, predicated on states’ rights works against
itself.
– Some states refuse to allow their troops to serve outside their
border
– Lack sufficient funding…why?
• Blockade/Cotton Embargo
• Blockade Runners not successfully utilized
– Rampant inflation
• Jefferson Davis
– Constant turnover in his cabinet (polarizing figure: 4 sec. of state;
6 sec. of war)
– Not the great communicator Lincoln was…but did what he could
– Often defies public opinion
• Conscription Act, martial law, impressment of supplies, tax on
cotton/slaves
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
Joseph Hooker
Ambrose Burnside
Ulysses S. Grant
George Meade
Confederate Generals
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford
Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee
Role of Foreign Governments
• Why did many foreign governments (esp. Britain and
France) welcome the Civil War?
– Who in Europe supported South? Who opposed?
• Why did South think it could count on British
support?
– Thought G.B. dependent on Southern cotton (75% of
cotton from South)
• But Britain had stockpiles/surplus…by time G.B. ran low, Lincoln
had issued emancipation proclamation
• Britain got cotton from Egypt, India, and Union shipped captured
cotton
• Playing Sides
– Why was Europe in many ways more dependent on North?
• Europe/Britain bad harvests need abundant northern wheat and
corn
Role of Foreign Governments
• Crisis with Britain: Trent Affair
– Union captures Confederate diplomats aboard British ship the Trent
(James Mason/John Slidell)
– British demand apology and release of prisoners
– Lincoln takes the high road
• Britain: Chief Confederate Naval Base--British build
Confederate “commerce-raiders”
– CSS Alabama
• Laird Rams
– Confederate warships constructed by John Laird in Britain
– Could sink wooden ships with iron rams and bigger guns…would’ve
hurt Union blockade, led Union to invade Canada, sparking war with
Britain
– U.S. threatens war if ships delivered to Confederates
– How does this effect relations with Canada?
Role of Foreign Governments
• Napolean III of France:
– Invades Mexico City and installs Austrian
Archduke, Maximilian as emperor of Mexico…
– Flagrant violation of Monroe Doctrine…Napolean
gambles on Union collapse
– When war ends, Union mobilizes on French in
Mexico…Napolean III backs out
The War Begins…
• As Lincoln was inaugurated, he was already
facing the issue of what to do about Ft.
Sumter.
– Confederates had already seized most of the forts,
customs houses, post offices in the South
• James Buchanan didn’t believe he had the authority to
act against Secession
– Ft. Sumter in the key Confederate port of
Charleston, SC
– What was the issue regarding Sumter?
• What did Lincoln decide to do? Why?
• How did Jefferson Davis react?
April 12, 1861: Firing on Ft. Sumter
• Significance:
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Opening of “battle” of Civil War
Confederates capture most significant of southern ports
Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers & begins blockade…this leads too…
VA, NC, AR, TN Seceding…and fuels call to arms in South
Although military loss, why might this be a victory for Lincoln and the Union?
• Builds support for the war in the North; prior to public supported peaceable secession
Keeping Hold of the Border States
Border States
• Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware
• What were the Border States?
– States with slavery, but remained “loyal” to the Union
• Why were they so significant?
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Increase Confederate population by 45% (2/3 of South’s white population)
Double industrial production
48% increase in horses, mules, and donkeys
Over half of South food and fuel production
All in strategically important areas for the Union
Kentucky: home to Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers which feed into heart of
the South
• What tactics did Lincoln use to maintain loyalty of the Border States?
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Maryland: Lincoln used Martial Law; Suspend Habeas Corpus
Missouri: Sent Union troops to maintain loyalty
Kentucky: Maintain neutrality
Delaware: Loyal to Union throughout (only 2% slave)
North’s Civil War Strategy
• Anaconda Plan
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How does an Anaconda kill its prey?
Blockade Southern Ports
Take Control of MS River and Divide Confederacy
Take over Richmond (Confed. Capitol)
First Battle of Bull Run (1st
Manassas): July 1861
– First, major land battle
– Confederate Victory—Stonewall Jackson
makes his famous stand earning him his
nickname
– Proved to the Union this was going to be a
long and bloody war—Lincoln increased
enlistments from 75,000 to 500,000
– Irvin Mcdowell replaced by George
McClellan as commander
– Although a military defeat, why was it
beneficial to the North?
Critical Thinking Question
• Why, despite the North’s massive advantages
did the work go on for so long?
– What kind of war is this?
• Rebellion…as long as Confed. army exists somewhere,
the war will continue…(i.e. Iraq, Afghanistan)
Battle of Ironclads: March 1862
• Why might the Civil War
been called the “First
Modern War?”
• USS Monitor v. CSS
Merrimac
– Revolution in military
technology
– 1st time two ironclads
ships face off
– Made wooden ships
obsolete
– Encourages new weapons
(i.e. torpedo)
Transition to Modern Warfare
• Launching a new era in warfare…stepping stone
between Napoleanic Wars and WWI
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Minie Ball
Rifled guns and artillery (600 yd. range)
Spencer Repeating Rifle (7 Shot)
Gatling Gun
Canister Shells
Railroad
Telegraph
Engineers needed
• Tactics don’t keep up with the weaponry, thus
casualty statistics are ghastly
America: The Story of Us--Minie Ball
Battle of Shiloh
• Shiloh April 6-7, 1862
– Major battle on western front; deadliest battle in U.S. History up
to that point
– Confederate withdraw gives the Union control of vital railroad
connecting TN and MS
– Further solidifies hold on Tennessee…opens door to Georgia;
secures hold of Kentucky by Union
• Consequences for South
– Beginning to show supply troubles for South…large foodstuffs, but
can’t ship it…total war strategy by North
– By 1862, Confederates forced to install draft for 17-50 year olds
• New Orleans April 25, 1862
Peninsula Campaign
(Spring-Summer 1862)
• Push to capture Richmond, VA
• McClellan pushed back by Lee,
despite Confederates suffering 2x
the casualties
• Total War Strategy Adopted
– Blockade ports; liberate slaves;
seize MS River and divide south;
crush south with drive through GA
and Carolinas; capture Richmond;
attack main Confederate forces and
drive it into submission
– Lincoln starts drafting Eman. Proc.
Battle of Antietam
• Following Peninsula
Campaign, Lee
emboldened to
invade North
– Seeks foreign
recognition
– Win support of
border states
– Fuel anti-war
movement in North
Lincoln and McClellan
• Antietam: 1862
Antietam: Sept. 17, 1862
• Significance
– Bloodiest single day of
battle in U.S. history
(23,000 casualties)
– Lee/Confed. repelled in 1st
invasion of North
– Confed. lose chance
British/French support
– Lincoln replaces McClellan
with Ambrose Burnside
– Encouraged Lincoln to issue
Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation: Changing the War
Confederate soldiers lie dead at
“Bloody Lane” --Antietam
Emancipation Proclamation: Jan. 1, 1863
http://www.history.com/topics/american-civilwar/emancipation-proclamation/videos
Freed only those slaves in Southern states rebelling against the Union
Didn’t free slaves in the Border states…Why?
Emancipation Proclamation: A Turning Point
Emancipation Proclamation
• Timing:
– Right as cotton surplus running out in G.B. and British
workers being displaced
• Political Genius of Lincoln:
– Changes war to moral crusade/one of liberation
• While maintaining loyalty of the Border States
– Ensured war would not be mediated end, but fight to
the finish
– …but costs Lincoln and Republicans in 1862 elections;
desertions increase in north
– Wins support of working class in Europe
– More than anything…doomed Confederacy to defeat
African American Recruitment
Poster
Famous 54th Mass.
Regiment
African Americans in Battle
Gettysburg: July 1-3, 1863
• Union defeated at
Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville…but
Confed. lose Stonewall…
• Why would Lee look to
launch massive offensive in
the North at this time?
• Union/ Confed. forces
converge in Gettysburg, PA
– Union: Meade v. Confed: Lee
Strategy at Gettysburg
Pickett's Charge
Gettysburg: July 1-3, 1863
• Turning point for the
Union in the East
– Vicksburg, MS falls
following day (July 4)
• Confederate loss puts
them on the defensive for
rest of war
– Crushed any lingering hope
of foreign intervention
• Deadliest battle of the
war (51,000)
Gettysburg Day 1 1863
Gettysburg Day 2, 1863
•Lee’s Plan of Attack
•Overview of Actual Attack
Gettysburg Day 3, 1863
Gettysburg Casualties
Gettysburg Address (11/19/1863)
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,
conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here
gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do
this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this
ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above
our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say
here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated
here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is
rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in
vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of
the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Gettysburg Address Discussion
Prompts
• What events in American history does Abraham
Lincoln refer to in the Gettysburg Address?
• Why was Lincoln called upon to speak at Gettysburg?
• What is his overall message to the American people?
• Why is the Gettysburg Address still relevant today?
Vicksburg
• Vicksburg July 4, 1863
– Turning point in the war (along w/ Gettysburg)
• Ensures no foreign intervention
• Britain refuses to release Laird Rams to Confederate
• French w/draw sale of 6 naval ships
– Allows the Union to take control of the Mississippi
and divide the South in half
– Big win for Ulysses S. Grant…earning Lincoln’s
confidence
– Quiets anti-war movement in North
NYC Draft Riots (July 13-16, 1863)
• Volunteer army until 1863…
• Riots: Response to draft calls by Lincoln
– Rioters: Primarily working class-Irish men
• Resent wealthy men, who could avoid the draft by paying $300 to hire a
substitute.
• Turns into ugly race riot
– Over 100 African Americans killed, 2000 injured
• Largest civil insurrection in US History (besides Civil War itself)
Occupation of Soldiers
• Combined occupation of Union/Confed.
Soldiers
1864-1865
• Ulysses S. Grant
– Helps Break Confederate lines in NW
Georgia following Union def. at
Chickamauga
– Appointed Union Commanding General
– William T. Sherman: Grant’s most trusted
subordinate
• Sherman Uses Total War
– Psychological Warfare…crush Southern
morale
– Intimidate Southern soldiers so they flee
to protect families…
– Destroy all industry, cotton fields,
railroads
– Plunder food sources
Total War: Sherman’s March
... IV. The army will forage liberally on the country during the march. To this end, each
brigade commander will organize a good and sufficient foraging party, under the
command of one or more discreet officers, who will gather, near the route traveled,
corn or forage of any kind, meat of any kind, vegetables, corn-meal, or whatever is
needed by the command, aiming at all times to keep in the wagons at least ten day's
provisions for the command and three days' forage. Soldiers must not enter the
dwellings of the inhabitants, or commit any trespass, but during a halt or a camp they
may be permitted to gather turnips, apples, and other vegetables, and to drive in stock
of their camp. To regular foraging parties must be instructed the gathering of
provisions and forage at any distance from the road traveled.
V. To army corps commanders alone is entrusted the power to destroy mills, houses,
cotton-gins, &c., and for them this general principle is laid down: In districts and
neighborhoods where the army is unmolested no destruction of such property should
be permitted; but should guerrillas or bushwhackers molest our march, or should the
inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then
army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless
according to the measure of such hostility.
Total War: Sherman’s March
• VI. As for horses, mules, wagons, &c., belonging to the inhabitants, the
cavalry and artillery may appropriate freely and without limit,
discriminating, however, between the rich, who are usually hostile, and
the poor or industrious, usually neutral or friendly. Foraging parties may
also take mules or horses to replace the jaded animals of their trains, or to
serve as pack-mules for the regiments or brigades. In all foraging, of
whatever kind, the parties engaged will refrain from abusive or
threatening language, and may, where the officer in command thinks
proper, give written certificates of the facts, but no receipts, and they will
endeavor to leave with each family a reasonable portion for their
maintenance.
• VII. Negroes who are able-bodied and can be of service to the several
columns may be taken along, but each army commander will bear in mind
that the question of supplies is a very important one and that his first duty
is to see to them who bear arms
Sherman’s March to the Sea
(Nov. 15-Dec. 21 1864)
• Led 60,000 Union troops Atlanta
to Savannah, GA (then up thru SC
and NC)…employs total war
• Significance:
– Sherman’s “Christmas Present to
Abraham Lincoln”…why?
– Captured Atlanta
• South’s most Industrialized and RR hub
– Left path of destruction throughout
GA, SC, and NC…Crushed Southern
Morale
– Symbolized impending defeat for
Confederacy
Sherman’s March
Sherman Neckties: Tearing Up the Tracks
Sherman’s March: Path of Destruction
Sherman’s March: Path of Destruction
Savannah, GA
Charleston, SC
Columbia, SC
Richmond, VA
Pres. Election: 1864
War Coming to a Close…1865
Confederate Surrender!
• Fall of Richmond April 3, 1865
• Appomattox Courthouse April 9, 1865
– Lee surrenders to Grant, ending the Civil War.
“The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down”
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Virgil Kane is the name
And I served on the Danville train
'Till Stoneman's cavalry came
And tore up the tracks again
In the winter of '65
We were hungry, just barely alive
By May the 10th, Richmond had fell
It's a time I remember, oh so well
Like my father before me
I will work the land
And like my brother above me
Who took a rebel stand
The night they drove old Dixie down
And the bells were ringing
The night they drove old Dixie down
And the people were singing
They went, "Na, na, la, na, na, la"
He was just 18, proud and brave
But a Yankee laid him in his grave
I swear by the mud below my feet
You can't raise a Kane back up
When he's in defeat
Back with my wife in Tennessee
When one day she called to me
"Virgil, quick, come see,
There goes Robert E. Lee!"
Now, I don't mind chopping wood
And I don't care if the money's no good
You take what you need
The Band--The
And you leave the rest
But they should never
Waltz
Have taken the very best
The night they drove old Dixie down
And the bells were ringing
The night they drove old Dixie down
And all the people were singing
They went, "Na, na, la, na, na, la"
The night they drove old Dixie down
And the bells were ringing
The night they drove old Dixie down
And all the people were singing
They went, "Na, na, la, na, na, la"
Last
The night they drove old Dixie down
And all the bells were ringing
The night they drove old Dixie down
And the people were singing
They went, "Na, na, la, na, na, la"
Quick Review
• Why is the Civil War called the 1st Modern War?
• What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam?
• What was the Emancipation Proclamation? How did
it change the war?
– What Amendment will officially abolish slavery?
• Why were the Battle of Gettysburg and Battle of
Vicksburg considered to be turning points in the
war?
• What was Sherman’s March to the Sea? Why was it
significant?
• Where did Robert E. Lee surrender to Ulysses S.
Grant? When?
April 15, 1865
• Lincoln’s Assassination
– Killed at Ford’s Theatre by
Confed. sympathizer John
Wilkes Booth
Ford’s Theatre (April 15, 1865)
Recapping the War
Impact on the U.S.
More than Just Numbers
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31, 433,321
3,000,000
620,000
375,175
7,000
23
2.5
Casualties
• 620,000-700,000
• How did most soldiers die?
More than the current population of
Boston, Denver, Seattle, and Baltimore
• 2.5% of the population
• Count to 700,000
Estimated ½ million at Woodstock
Casualties in the War
Shiloh and Antietam
• Shiloh: More dead in
two days than 70
years
• Antietam: Bloodiest
day in American
History (23,100)
Gettysburg
• 51,112
• Population of Carmel 68,000
– How would life be different?
• Korea in 3 days
Cold Harbor (6/3/1864)
• 7,000 killed in 20 minutes
Odds Weren’t Good
23%
How Does the Civil War Compare
to other Conflicts?
One million dots
• One million dots
• http://www.vendian.org/envelope/dir2/lots_o
f_dots/million_dots.html
Why?
• Why was this such a deadly war?
– Called the “First Modern War”
• What explanation is there for such death and
destruction?
Effects of the War
• Civil War leads to two United Countries:
– U.S.
– And in 1867 united Dominion of Canada established by Britain to bolster
against possible vengeful U.S.
• Effects on Economy
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Excise taxes, income tax levied
Morrill Tariff Act (1861)
Greenbacks and bonds
National Banking System authorized in 1863
• Sell govt. bonds, issue standard bank-note currency (replaced by Federal Reserve in
1913)
– New factories born; big business owners rake in profits (millionaire class)
– Technology advances: sewing machine, allows industry to keep up, as men go
to war
– Mechanical reaper allows surplus food, traded with Europe for munitions
– Homestead Act
Effects of the War
• Southern Economy: crushed
– Blockade
– Minimal income from taxes due to states’ rights
– Massive inflation
– Income collapses
– Transportation collapsed
– Southern economy falls even further behind
northern industrial giant
Role of Women
• Importance of the U.S. Sanitary Commission
(Nursing Corps)
– Clara Barton & Dorothea Dix
– Transformation of the profession
• Female soldiers & spies
• Work in factories (1/3 workers)
Key Legislation
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Homestead Act
Emancipation Proclamation
Pacific Railway Act
National Bank Act
Discussion Prompts
• Was peaceable secession possible?
– Issue of Fugitive Slaves;
– No natural geographic borders
– What to do with territories; many earned with
southern blood?
• Did South have a chance to win?
– Only had to fight to a draw
– If border states had seceded?
– If IN, OH, IL turned on the Union
– If foreign powers entered on their behalf?
Begin Reconstruction
• Start Reconstruction w/ 2nd Inaugural Address
Analysis