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U.S. History Spring Semester FINAL EXAM Key Terms • Neutrality: decision not to take sides in a war • Faction: party or group that is split because of differences • National Debt: total amount of money that a government owes Key Terms • Suffrage: right to vote • Frigate: ship that sails fast and has many guns Key Terms • Spoils System: practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs • “To the victor belong the spoils.” Means that a new President can reward his supporters with jobs • “Spoils” are earned benefits Key Terms • Kitchen cabinet: group of unofficial presidential advisers • Cabinet: group of department leaders who serve the President Key Terms • Nullification: act of canceling a law • Majority: number equal to more than 1/2 • Caucus: private meeting during which powerful party members pick candidates Key Terms • Nominating Convention: meeting of delegates from all states to choose a party’s candidates • Mudslinging: use of insults to attack an opponent’s reputation Political Rallies • New politics in the 1840s led to both parties competing for votes by holding rallies Key Terms • Depression: period of declining business profits and lost jobs • National Debt: total amount of money that a government owes Key Terms • Amnesty Act: restored the vote to most white southerners. Amnesty: government pardon • Poll Tax: fee paid to vote • Right to Strike: victory won by organized factory workers Key Terms • Siege: attack in which enemy forces surround and try to capture a city or fort • Refuge: place where one is safe from persecution • Rendezvous: place where people meet Key People • Nativist: group that wanted laws to limit immigration • Artisan: skilled worker • Trade Union: organization of workers Key Terms and People • Freedman: former slave • Black Code: law severely limiting rights of freedmen • Segregation: legal separation of races Key Terms and People • Carpetbagger: term for northerner who went to the South after the Civil War • Scalawag: term for a white southern Republican • Sharecropper: person who rented and farmed a piece of land Lewis and Clark • Their expedition mapped the Louisiana Purchase and increased knowledge about plant and animal life in the West John Adams • President John Adams was a Federalist, elected in 1796 by Pro-British voters in the North Thomas Jefferson • He cut the federal budget to reduce the size and power of government Andrew Jackson • He accused Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams of making a “corrupt bargain” when Clay persuaded House members to vote for Adams. John Quincy Adams • The supporters of John Quincy Adams were the Whigs. American System Fails • Henry Clay’s American System failed because Congress would not fund new roads, bridges and canals. Andrew Jackson • A new political party, the Democrats, attracted Andrew Jackson supporters. Andrew Jackson • President Jackson believed the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional because he thought that states should charter banks. Oregon Territory • The U.S. and Britain settled their dispute over Oregon by agreeing to divide the land. Whiskey Rebellion • Whiskey Rebellion resulted in people realizing that the new government would not tolerate violent protests. Judicial Review • Judicial Review: The Supreme Court rules that a new law violates the Constitution. • Marbury v. Madison established judicial review Monroe Doctrine • President Monroe announced the Monroe Doctrine to protect Latin American republics from European attack Key Term • Creole: someone born in Latin America to Spanish parents Industrial Revolution • Industrial Revolution depended on the development of the factory system Industrial Revolution: Key Terms • Capitalist: invests to make a profit • Lowell girl: worked in mills; returned home to marry Canal System • Steamboats allowed farmers to ship goods more quickly and cheaply. Canal System • Canal investors worried that the railroad competition would cause them to lose money. American Painters • Before 1800, the central influence on American painters was the European painting tradition. War of 1812 • War Hawk: Member of Congress in favor of going to war • Henry Clay agreed with Grundy that war would have its advantages. War of 1812: Key Terms • Nonintercourse Act: allowed trade with all EXCEPT Britain and France • Pinckney Treaty: Allowed shipment of goods on the Mississippi Naval Escort Protects Trade • Barbary pirates were hurt by a law requiring Yankee traders to be escorted through the Mediterranean Sea by Navy ships. War of 1812 Battles • Battle of Tippecanoe: celebrated as a major victory for settlers • Battle of Lake Erie: resulted in victory despite poor preparation • Battle of New Orleans: fought after the War of 1812 ended War of 1812: Key Terms • Treaty of Greenville: allowed Americans’ land claims in part of present-day Ohio • Treaty of Ghent: Allowed restoration of pre-War of 1812 conditions TEXAS • Texans defeated Santa Anna and won independence at San Jacinto. TEXAS • Texas was admitted to the Union when Congress passed a joint resolution accepting the annexation treaty. Popular Sovereignty • EX: In 1849, California voters approved a state constitution banning slavery Conflict Between States • Southern states were dependent on the North because southern planters borrowed money from northern banks to buy farm tools. Conflict Between States • Fugitive: runaway person • Martyr: sacrifices life for beliefs • Border Ruffian: proslavery person who battled antislavery forces Conflict Between States • When Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860, several southern states seceded in protest. Civil War • The Civil War began when Confederate troops attacked Fort Sumter, South Carolina. Civil War • Both the North and the South experienced inflation during the war • Both had their economy disrupted Civil War • African Americans contributed to the war effort on the Union side. They fought in major battles. Civil War • Combat was deadly, but infection and disease were greater threats. Civil War Battles • Except for Gettysburg, most of the fighting was in the South • Battle of Shiloh: bloodiest • Battle of Fredericksburg: worst Union defeat • Battle of Chancellorsville: Gen. Jackson’s last battle Women in the Civil War • Civil War nurses helped change employment for women by opening up new employment opportunities for them. Abraham Lincoln • U.S. President during the Civil War • Was forgiving in his goals for a peaceful reconciliation of the country Reconstruction • During Reconstruction, corruption among state officials angered white southerners. Reform • Temperance groups viewed alcohol abuse as the most serious social problem of the 1800s. Reform • Temperance movement led to eight states passing “Maine Laws.” Reform • Thomas Galludet led reform for people with disabilities Good Luck on Your Final!