Download UNIT 1 Notes-The Founding of the Nation revised 8-1

Unit 1: The Founding of the
Nation
Chapter 1
Essential Question:
Describe how the Enlightenment
and the Great Awakening
philosophies lead to the founding
of the nation?
Early British Colonies
British Power Expands
– The American colonies brought
great wealth to England through
taxation
– They believed taxation without
representation in the British
government was
tyranny(oppression)
– “No Taxation without
Representation”
1-4: The Colonies Come of Age
The South colonies:
– Agriculture
• Depends on large scale
farming(plantations)
• Single Cash Crops
• Slavery provides the labor
• Triangle Trade
– Slaves become part of a
network of trading
between England,
Africa, and the Colonies
The Colonies Come of Age
The North colonies:
– Manufacturing,
Shipping, and Trading
• Slavery existed but
was uncommon since
so many workers
were available
The Colonies Come of Age
The Enlightenment:
– Intellectual movement
– New ideas from Europe caused the
colonists to question Britain's authority
– Used logic and reason
– Followers included: Benjamin Franklin and
Thomas Jefferson
The Great Awakening:
– Religious movement
– In response to the Enlightenment, Jonathan
Edwards tried to bring people back to the
church by preaching “fire and brimstone” in
his “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
sermon
• Both stressed the need to question authority
The Colonies Come of Age
John Locke:
– An Enlightenment thinker,
who believed that people
have natural rights to life,
liberty, and property
̶ He felt that a government
is a social agreement
between the leaders and
the people
Unit 1: The Founding of the
Nation
Chapter 2
Essential Question:
What important events lead to
the development of the American
republic?
2-1: Colonial Resistance and
Rebellion
The Declaration of
Independence:
– Written by Thomas Jefferson
– Based on the ideas of Locke,
the document stated that
• governmental power
comes from the consent
of the people
• A government is to
secure the natural rights
for the people
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2-3: Confederation and the Constitution
A New government emerges:
Articles of Confederation: Power is
divided between state governments
and a weak central (federal)
government
Shay’s Rebellion: in 1787, a group of
Massachusetts farmers rebelled
against their government in protest
of ever-increasing taxes
• the government of
Massachusetts was unable to
stop the uprising without
outside help
• This demonstrated the A of C
did not work and a stronger
central government was
needed
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Confederation and the Constitution
Proposed systems of government:
– Virginia Plan:
• Called for a bicameral (twohouse) legislature whose
number would be determined
by the state’s population
• Favored larger states
– New Jersey Plan:
• Called for a unicameral (onehouse) legislature
• Each state would receive a
single vote
• Favored smaller states
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Confederation and the Constitution
The Solution:
The Great Compromise
(Connecticut Plan):
– Called for a bicameral
legislature
» House of
Representatives based
on state
population(Virginia
Plan)
» Senate would have
equal
representation(New
Jersey Plan)
– Solved the issue of
representation in the
federal legislature
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Confederation and the Constitution
Separation of Powers:
– The Framers divided the federal
government into 3 branches in order to
prevent any one branch of government
from becoming too powerful
• Legislative Branch
– Create laws
• Executive Branch
– Carry out the laws created by
Congress
• Judicial Branch
– Interpret the laws and settle
disputes between states
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Confederation and the Constitution
Ratifying the Constitution:
– Two factions formed each with their
own agenda
• Federalists (modern Democrats):
– Those who supported ratifying
the Constitution
• Anti-federalists (modern
Republicans):
– Those who were opposed
ratifying
• Bill of rights are added to the
Constitution to ease the Antifederalist concern over individual
rights
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Unit 1: The Founding of the
Nation
Chapter 3
Essential Question:
How did Marbury v. Madison
establish the judicial branch of
our government?
3-1: The Jeffersonian Era
Marbury v. Madison:
– an 1803 court case in which
the Supreme Court ruled that it
had the power to abolish
legislative acts by declaring
them unconstitutional; this
power came to be known as
judicial review
– Supreme Court will now review
the Constitutionality of laws
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Unit 1: The Founding of the
Nation
Chapter 4
Essential Question:
What events led to the American
Civil War and the establishment
of Reconstruction ?
4-1: The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Popular Sovereignty:
• The residents of the territory decided
whether they would be a free or slave
state
The Missouri Compromise(GEOGRAPHY):
•
•
•
•
•
Settlers in Missouri requested admission to
the union as a state
Arguments between whether or not it
should be admitted as a Free or Slave state
divided Congress
A compromise was reached admitting
Missouri into the union as a slave state
The rest of the territories were divided
along the 36th parallel
States located North of the line would be
admitted as free states, those below, slave
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The Divisive Politics of Slavery
The Dred Scott Decision:
– A slave who attempted to use the
courts as a means of earning his
freedom. Scott lost the decision
and the Supreme Court declared
no slave or descendant of a slave
could be a U.S. citizen.
The outcome
– Being in a free state while you
were a slave did not make you free
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The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Differences between the North and
South
North
– Cooler and harsher climate
– More industrial and less agricultural
– Fishing and trading
– Large cities
– Economy not based on slavery
South
– Rich and fertile soil
– Economy based on Agriculture(single
and large cash crops)
– Plantation system
– Economy relied on slave labor
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The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Issues that led to the Civil
War
– Arguments over whether
new states should enter
the Union as Free or
Slave states
– Fugitive Slave Laws
– Political and economic
Differences
– Election of Abraham
Lincoln
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The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Secession :
The years of 1860
and 1861 when eleven
southern states each
declared themselves
seceded from the
United States and
joined together to
form the Confederate
States of America.
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The Civil War
The Civil War:
Lincoln’s main goal was
to restore the Union
– Lasted for 4 years
(1861-1865)
– 620,000 soldiers died ,
417,000 deaths were
from diseases while
203,000 were killed in
combat
– The Union(North) won
the war
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The Civil War
The Emancipation Proclamation
– Although he was opposed to
slavery, Lincoln did not believe
that he had the power as
President to outlaw slavery
– However, once the war ended
he found a way to free the
slaves and ordered the
Emancipation Proclamation
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4-4: Reconstruction and Its Effects
Key Events:
Civil War Amendments:
– Passage of the Thirteenth
Amendment
• Congress passes a
Constitutional Amendment
that would officially outlaw
slavery in the United States
– Lincoln’s Assassination
• Just days after the South
surrenders, Lincoln is killed
by John Wilkes Booth, a
Southern sympathizer
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Reconstruction and Its Effects
Civil War Amendments (cont.):
– In order to speed up the process of
reconstruction and to ensure the
end of slavery forever, Congress
passed the 14th & 15th Amendments
– Fourteenth Amendment:
• Changed the language of the
Constitution to guarantee citizenship
to all freed slaves
– Fifteenth Amendment:
• Prevented states from denying the
voting rights of citizens because of
race
The federal government now protected
the rights of A.A.s(minorities)
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Segregation and Discrimination
Formal (Legal)
Discrimination
continued
Plessy v. Ferguson
• Supreme Court case that
supported the idea of
racial segregation as fair
(legal) under the
Constitution
• Created the separate-butequal doctrine
– Racial segregation was
legal as long as the
facilities provided equal
service
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Segregation and Discrimination
Informal Discrimination
– Jim Crow Laws/ Black Codes
• Southern states passed racial
segregation laws that created separated
White and Black facilities such as
schools, hospitals, and transportation
– Racial Etiquette
• AA’s had to be very careful with how
they behaved around Whites
• AA’s were expected to act timid around
Whites such as never shaking hands,
giving way on the sidewalk, and
removing their hats when speaking to a
White person
• Failure to follow the racial etiquette
rules could lead to arrest or death
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