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15 Road to Civil War Chapter 1820-1861 The back of a Louisiana slave named Gordon, photographed in 1863 after he escaped to the Union forces. Whipping was the most common form of punishment on plantations, and slaveowners and overseers whipped slaves with frightening regularity. Slaves could be whipped for almost any pretext: for “not picking cotton,” “or not picking as well as he can,” for picking “very trashy cotton,” and so forth. One overseer gave twelve lashes to eight women for “hoeing bad corn.” While punishments were often work related, whipping was also used to humiliate slaves and instill deference, 4 obedience, and servility. Slaves could be whipped for answering back to overseers or appearing in any way “insolent.” It’s not a coincidence that six of the seven presidents who served from 1841-61 made the list of the… (as defined by a poll conducted by Newsweek 3-2-09) 1. James Buchanan (1857-61) 8. William Harrison (1841) 9. (tie)7.Herbert 9. (tie) Hoover Richard (1929-33) Nixon (1969-74) 6. John Tyler (1841-45) Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77) 4. Franklin Pierce (1853-57) 5. Millard Fillmore (1850-53) 3. Andrew Johnson (1865-69 He was known Though as a politically poor communicator gifted, heall will who He refused to challenge 10. Zachary Taylor He was president for of 30 Hebacked was a stalwart defender of Serving right after Andrew His fervor for expanding the He the Compromise of He survived impeachment fueled trade forever wars be and associated exacerbated with the the A political novice, the war hero is slavery who abandoned his days after contracting either the spread of Johnson, he presided over an borders—thereby adding 1850 that delayed the Southern after opposing Depression. Watergate scandal and his entirely forgettable as president. party's platform once he was pneumonia during his slavery or the growing outbreak of graft and corruption, 2. Warren G. Harding 1921-23 several slave states—helped resignation. secession by allowing slavery Reconstruction initiatives president. interminable inaugural. bloc of states that became but had good intentions. Read the Full Story He was an ineffectual and set the stage for the Civil to spread. including the 14th Read the Full Story Read the Full Story the Confederacy. indecisive leader who played War. amendment. Read Full Read the Full Story Readthe the FullStory Story poker while his friends The fifteenth President of the United States from 1857–1861 plundered the U.S. treasury. and the last to be born in the eighteenth century. To date he Read the Full Story Read the Full is Story the only president from the state of Pennsylvania and the only president to remain a bachelor 5 (Underlying Causes: Slavery, state’s rights diff. societies and economic systems) The Downhill Slide to War (Immediate Causes) 1. Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 2. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 3. Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 4. Formation of Republican Party 1856 5. Dred Scott Decision 1857 A political cartoon from 1861 shows Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana as men riding donkeys, following South Carolina's lead toward a cliff. The man 6. Brown’s Oct. 16, fromJohn South Carolina is sayingRaid “We goof the Harper’s whole hog…OldFerry Hickory is dead and we’ll have at it… 1859. Florida, immediately behind South Carolina, cries, "Go it Carolina! We are the boys to "wreck" the Union." “WE go it blind-”Cotton is King”! 7. Election of Abraham Lincoln 1860 Down with the Union! Miss. Repudiates her bonds. Go it boys! We’ll soon taste the sweets of secession. 8. Attack on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861. “We have some doubts about the end of that road and think it expedient to deviate a little.” CREDIT: "THE 'SECESSION MOVEMENT'." Currier & Ives 1861. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. 6 Did You Know? Every so often the Vice-President becomes important. Throughout its history the United States Senate has sometimes been evenly divided between the political parties. When that happens, it is the vice president who breaks any tie votes. This has happened more than 230 times. Since the 1870s, however, no vice president has cast more than 10 tiebreaking votes. 7 The Missouri Compromise (Pages 436-437) Missouri applied for statehood in 1819. At the time the Senate was balanced, with 11 free states and 11 slave states. The North and the South, with very different economic systems, were also competing for new lands in the West.. Representative Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, proposed a solution to the Missouri problem. Maine, which had been a part of Massachusetts, had also applied for admission to the Union as a new state. Clay suggested admitting Missouri as a slave state and admitting Maine as a free state at the same time. Clay proposed prohibiting slavery in all territories and states carved from the Louisiana Purchase north of the latitude line of 36°30"N. The one exception would be Missouri. Clay's two proposals, which became known as the Missouri Compromise, were passed by Congress in 1820. 8 interactive map Summarize what the following map shows. Then discuss how this map relates to the spread of slavery in the South. All reasonable answers will be accepted. The map shows how cotton production spread throughout the South( largely as a result of the cotton gin) between 1820 and 1860. Growing cotton required much manual labor. At the time, slaves were the main source of cheap labor for cotton plantations. As cotton production spread to other areas of the country, slavery spread with it. 9 . New Western Lands (Pages 437-438) The issue of slavery in new Western lands stayed in the background between 1820 (the year of the Missouri Compromise) and the 1840s. After winning independence from Mexico, Texas asked for admission to the Union. This again brought out the question of whether free or slave states would control the Senate. As a result Texas's statehood became the main issue in the 1844 election. Democratic candidate James K. Polk won the election and pressed to add Texas. Texas became a state in 1845. Disputes between the United States and Mexico over boundaries in Texas and the desire of the United States for New Mexico and California led to the MexicanAmerican War. Wilmot's proposal, called the Wilmot Provisio, said that slavery should be prohibited in any lands that might be acquired from Mexico at the end of the Mexican-American War. The debate over slavery and the refusal of either the Democratic or Whig candidate for president in 1848 to take a stand on slavery in the territories led to the formation of the Free Soil Party, which supported the Wilmot Proviso. Once in office, President Taylor Dr. Zebra encouraged the territories of New Mexico and California, which had been obtained from Mexico at the end of the Mexican-American War, to apply for 11 statehood. Further Complicating Things: The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party] ß Nativists. ß Anti-Catholics. ß Antiimmigrants. 1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, created in NYC and spreads becoming a national party-American Party-in 1855 12 All reasonable answers will be accepted. In your own words, Insummarize main ideaofand key the period before thethe Civil War, the economy the North was rapidly while the South was holding onto its old ways. points presented in changing the following passage. In the North, cities were growing, factories were springing up, and machines were doing much of the work. At the same time, the South was not changing much. It was holding onto its country lifestyle and farming economy, which required much human labor instead of machine labor. 13 Wilmot’s proposal would have prohibited slavery in many new Western territories, which would not have been acceptable to the South; Calhoun’s proposal would have allowed slavery in all new Western lands, which the North would have opposed. Why would the proposals by David Wilmot and John C. Calhoun regarding slavery in the Western lands have been received differently in the North and South? 14 III. A New Compromise (Pages 438-439) In January 1850 Senator Henry Clay presented a new multi-part plan to settle a number of issues dividing Congress, including the possible spread of slavery into Western lands. According to Clay's plan, the following things would happen: 1.IfCalifornia would be admitted as a free state. you who represent the stronger portion, can not agree to settle 2.them The New Mexico Territory would have no slavery on the broad principle of justice and duty,restrictions. say so; and let the 3.States A New we Mexico-Texas border dispute would be decided of New both represent agree to separate and part in infavor peace. Mexico. you are unwilling wehttp://adage.com/brightcove/single.php?title=1415621128 should part in peace, tell us so; we shall 4.If The slave trade-though not slavery-would be abolished in and Washington, Daniel Webster know what to do when you reduce the question to submission or D.C. Ifbe you remain silent, you will compel us to infer by your 5.resistance. Thereyour would a stronger fugitive slave law. Sir, eyes and mine are never destined to see that acts what you intend. In that case California will become the test Aquestion. bitter debate in Congress over the provisions of Clay's proposal raged IfThe you admit her under all the difficulties that oppose her miracle. dismemberment of this vast country for seven months. Clay's plan could not pass as a package, and President admission, you compel us to infer that you intend to exclude us from Taylor opposed it. Then in July 1820,breaking Taylor suddenly diedFillmore without convulsion! The up of the fountains the whole of the acquired Territories, with the intention of pres. destroying irretrievably the equilibrium between the two sections. The president, Millard Fillmore, proposed athe compromise. Senator ofnew the great deep ruffling surface! Who is We should be blind notwithout to perceive in that case that your real objects Stephen split Clay's proposal into fivenot different are powerDouglas and aggrandizement, and infatuated, to actbills to allow so foolish, I beg every body's pardon, as to members of Congress tothvote on them separately. That way,expect membersto accordingly. March 4 1850 could vote for measures they agreed with and vote against parts they did see any without such thing? not support rejecting the whole plan. Congress passed the Too series of five separate bills in August and September John C. Calhoun ill to deliver it himself, so it was read by another senator with Calhoun presentTogether in the Senatethey Chamber. Calhoun,known so ill he had be helped out of the Chamber after speech. by 1850. became astothe Compromise ofthe1850 two of Americans, his friends, died on March 31, 1850. Many including President Fillmore, thought this compromise 15 would settle the question of slavery once and for all. But this was not the case. Secession! Peaceable secession! California would be admitted to the Union as a free state, and the slave trade would be abolished in Washington, D.C., which satisfied the North. The New Mexico Territory would be open to slavery, and there would be a stronger fugitive slave law, which pleased the South. How did the Compromise of 1850 satisfy both free states and slave states? 16 Notes Chapter 15, Section 2 Did You Know? The success of the Underground Railroad was due to many people, including those they called the conductors, who escorted or guided freedom seekers between stations or safe houses, and the stationmasters, who provided shelter or a hiding place to freedom seekers. The efforts of the Underground Railroad further divided the nation 17 I. The Fugitive Slave Act (Pages 441-442) Personal Liberty Laws 1850 Congress passed the Fugitive In Ohio ,( and other northern states) the chief objective was less a desire to expand Slave Act. black rights than to ensure that outright kidnapping was not condoned. (Ohio did In not repeal its virulently discriminatory Black Code until 1849.) Southerners After passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, objected strenuously to personal liberty laws as a violation of sectional equity and reciprocal trust; but the 1850 act, seenup in theefforts North as punitive and tyrannical, only Southerners stepped to catch aroused greater sectional animosities. Northern opposition was most dramatically runaways. illustrated when an abolitionist Boston mob tried to rescue Anthony Burns, a fugitive from Virginia, in May 1854. The mission failed. Commissioner Edward Loring had Burns remanded to slavery, and U.S. troops escortedslavery him through Many Northerners who opposed sullen crowds to a waiting ship. The effort cost the federal government more than refused to cooperate with the Fugitive Slave $100,000. Act and continued topersonal aidliberty runaway enslaved The legal conflict that pitted northern statutes against federal fugitive slave measures reflected the concepts of double sovereignty that citizens African Americans. They created the of the federated Union then entertained. Southerners insisted on the sovereignty of the states, but in this controversy northerners federal laws. Underground Railroad to"nullified" helpunwelcome runaways. Although the constitutionality of the fugitive slave laws was unquestioned, only the force of arms could finally define Slave the natureAct of the Union, source Although the Fugitive was itsthe law of authority, and the boundaries of liberty. of the land, Northern juries often refused to convict people accused of breaking this. 18 “My son Charles claimed that President Lincoln looked down at me his coal nuggetEva" eyes and "I Am Going There, or with the Death of Little (1852) John Stowell Adams Written the readers of said, and "soinscribed this istothe lady who started the great war!". "Uncle Tom's Cabin" [by Harriet Beecher Stowe 1811-1896] I don't recall incident, but wasClick with to meplay music by John Stowell Adamsthe (18??-1893) Adapted to aCharles favorite Melody. the day I met Mr. Lincoln. If it was said, it is a terrible accusation to put ongoing anyone. True, my book, "Uncle Tom," said Eva, "I am there." "Uncle Tom's did stir up the hornet's nest, "Where, Miss Cabin", Eva?" Thethe child rose pointed herplanted little hand todivided the sky; but seeds ofand unrest were and a the glowhad of evening lit her golder hairitand nation been the harvest before hadflush'd been her cheek wiith a kind of unearthly radiance, written.” Harriet Beecher Stowe and her eyes were bent Harriet Beecher Stow 1811-1898 earnestly on the skies. 1. “I am going there, I am going there,” She said in a voice so gently sweet, That Uncle Tom smooth’d her golden hair, And mused like a child at Eva’s feet. 2. Then he thought that her hands had thinner grown, Her skin more clear, her breath more short, That he, poor Tom, would be left alone With the lessons fair Eva to him had taught. 3. And weaker she grew And calling her father “O father, my strength Do let me speak ere it copies in the first as the monthsSold flew 300,000 past. she sweetly said:— Sold two million in a decade it is failing fast, all hath fled!” 4. Then she spake to her friends— “forever love All that is holy, and good, and fair;” And to Uncle Tom— “we shall meet above— Above— with the holy angels there.” year 19 1852 Presidential Election √ Franklin Pierce Democrat Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Whig Free Soil 20 1852 Election Results 21 Those who did not support slavery felt they were being forced to do something morally wrong and could not go against their consciences. Can you think of any current public policies or laws that people might object to on moral grounds? Why do you think many people refused to obey the Fugitive Slave Act? 22 II. The Kansas-Nebraska Act President Franklin Pierce comes out (Pages 442-443) Douglas in favor of the Kansas Nebraska Acton the Kansas Nebraska Bill "The great principle of self costing him his party’s nomination in is at stake, and surely the people of this country are never government 1856 as his Northern support going to decide that the principle upon which our whole republican vanished. system rests is vicious and wrong." Hoping to encourage settlement of the West and open the way for a transcontinental railroad, Senator Stephen Thomas Hart Benton organizing Voted against Compromise of Douglas proposed the region west of Missouri 1850 as a senator.Lost reelection. Voted against the Kansas Nebraska Act and Iowa as the territories of Kansas and Nebraska as a House of Representatives member from Missouri–lost reelection again as a result. Kansas and Nebraska lay north of 36°30"N Because both the area that was established "What is the excuse for all this turmoil andas free of slavery in the Compromise of 1820-it expected that Kansas and mischief? We are told it is to keepwas the question of slavery outwould of Congress! Great God! It was Nebraska become free states. out of Congress, completely, entirely, and Southerners were unless disturbed by the possibility of Kansas forever out of Congress, Congress and Nebraska entering the Union dragged it in by breaking down the sacred laws as free states, so Senator which settled it!“ (Compromise of 1820) Douglas proposed abandoning the Missouri Compromise Senator Charles Sumner on Douglas "Alas! too often those principles and settlers in each territory decide whether to allow which giveletting consistency, individuality, and form to the Northern slavery. called "popular sovereignty." character, whichThis renderwas it staunch, strong, and seaworthy, which bind it together as with iron, are drawn out, one by one, like the bolts of the ill There was bitter debate over the issue in Congress. In 1854 fitted vessel, and from the miserable, loosened fragments is formed that Congress thewith Kansas-Nebraska human anomaly -- apassed Northern man Southern principles. Sir,Act. no such man can speak for the North." 23 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 24 Run Time: [05:21] The Compromise of 1850 did not solve North/South disputes over new states and the location of the Transcontinental Railroad. Trace the consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Uncover events in what came to be called Bleeding Kansas 25 The Kansas Nebraska Act Opened the door to slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories. It overturned a previous agreement, the Compromise of 1820, which said that areas north of 36,30”N, which included Kansas and Nebraska, would be free of slavery. Why could the North have considered the KansasNebraska Act a betrayal? 26 III. Conflict in Kansas (Pages 443-444) After the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, proslavery and antislavery groups rushed supporters into Kansas to influence voting over whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state. August 1856 thought by antislavery In the spring of 1855, 25th, in an election to be of unfair, Kansas voters elected a proslavery We supporters are in the midst war -war of the most bloody legislature. kind -- a after war of Freedom slavery passed a Soon theextermination. election, the new Kansasand legislature of lawsinsupporting slavery,and such as the are series interlocked deadly embrace, death is requirement that candidates for political office be proslavery. Antislavery forces, certain for one or thethese otherlaws, party... A crisis is just held their refusing to accept armed themselves, ownus... elections, andGod adopted a constitution prohibiting before and only knoweth where it will end. slavery. By January 1856, rival governments-one proslavery and one antislavery-existed in Kansas. Both of them applied for “Imagine a man standing in a pair of long boots... the handle of a large bowie-knife Julia Louisa Lovejoy statehood onorbehalf of Kansas askedaround Congress projecting from one both boot-tops; a leatherand belt buckled his waist,for on recognition. each side of which is fastened a large revolver... Imagine such a picture of who can swear any given number of oaths in any specified time, drink humanity, The opposing forces, both armed, clashed in Kansas.. any quantity of bad whiskey without getting drunk, and boast of having stolen a Newspapers began tomore refer to the--area half dozen horses and killed one or abolitionists and youas will"Bleeding have a pretty fairKansas.“ conception ofBecomes a Border Ruffian, as he appears in Missouri in Kansas.” the first territory toand shed blood in a civil war over slavery John H. Gihon 27 Run Time: [08:05] The Compromise of 1850 put off the question about slavery in territories for a few years, but the lure of the west was irresistible. 28 Argument Versus Clubs, a lithograph that shows Northern outrage over Preston Brooks's attack on Sumner. (1856) “The Crime Against The Richmond Enquirer crowed: Sumner on Douglas: “ …a noisome, Sumner on Butler: … “has taken a mistress Two days later Preston Brooks to Sumner: “Mr. "squat, We consider the act good in Kansas” May 19-20 1856 and nameless who, though ugly to others, is always Sumner, I have read your speech animal…not better a proper for conception, inmodel execution, lovely to him; Though polluted in the an American senator.” twice over carefully. It is a libel and best of all in consequences. sight of the world, is chaste in his onThese Southvulgar Carolina, and Mr.in the abolitionists sight—I mean, the harlot, Slavery.” Butler, is be a relative of Senatewho must lashed into mine!” submission." Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC) 29 OAT QUESTION 35. Before the American Civil War, Congress passed laws that were intended to solve problems caused by the expansion of slavery. What happened as a result of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? A. slave rebellion in the border states B. extension of the Missouri Compromise C. violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers D. announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation 30 Why did people who opposed slavery mistrust the results of the 1855 election for the Kansas legislature? In an election that chose a proslavery legislature, there were more votes cast than there were voters in Kansas. (1,500 actual voters but there were more than 6,000 votes counted) 31 As one of Abraham Lincoln ‘s earliest published speeches, this address has been much scrutinized and debated by historians, who see broad implications for his later public policies. Lincoln was 28 years old at the time he gave this speech and had recently moved from a rough pioneer village to Springfield, Illinois. Notes Chapter 15, Section 3 “At what point then is the approach of danger to be expected? I answer, if it ever reach us, it must spring up amongst us. It cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot, we must ourselves be its author and finisher. As a nation of freemen, we must live through all time, or die by suicide.” Did You Know? Before his election --January 27, 1838 as president, the only political offices Abraham Lincoln held were as a fourterm Illinois state legislator and oneterm United States member of Congress. 32 I. A New Political Party Inauguration of James Buchanan, March 4, 1857, from a photograph (Pages 445-446) by John Wood. Buchanan's Inauguration was the first one to be recorded in photographs. In 1854 antislavery Whigs and Millard Fillmore—American John C. Freemont--Republican Party/Know Nothing PartyNativist. antislavery Democrats joined with Free "What is right and what is practicable are two different things." Soilers to create the Republican Party. Other great in the fence sitting, tight rope walking, life of James moments Republican candidates began to Buchanan challenge proslavery Whigs and Democrats in state and congressional The Buchanan treasury of quotations, such as it is, is marked by an on-the-one-hand, onelections of 1854. the-other-hand evenhandedness that left him with sores from straddling the fence: Democrat James Buchanan won the presidential election of 1856, with the strong support of Southerners. (Only President from Pennsylvania)—James Buchanan "I believe [slavery] to be a great political and great moral evil. I thank God, my lot has been cast in a State where it does not exist. But, while I entertain these opinions, I know it is an evil at present without a remedy...one of those moral evils, from which it is impossible for us to escape, without the introduction of evils infinitely greater. There are portions of this Union, in which, if you emancipate our slaves, they will become masters. There can be no middle course." "It is better to bear the ills we have than to fly to others we know not of." "What is right and what is practicable are two different things." "Liberty must be allowed to work out its natural results; and these will, ere long, astonish the world." "All that is necessary to [abolish slavery], and all for which the slave States have ever contended, is to be let alone and permitted to manage their domestic institutions in their own way." "Whatever the result may be," he said, "I shall carry to my grave the consciousness that I at least meant well for my 33 country." Run Time: [26:41] The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 spawned the secession of seven southern states. Trace the early events and issues of the Civil War, including the attack on Fort Sumter, the mobilization of troops, and the influence of border states. 34 1856 Election Results 35 Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 36 “No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless (Pages on presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the 446-448) land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; norshall any days person be subject for the same offense to be took twice put in jeopardy life Two after President Buchanan office, the of Supreme or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, Court announced the Dred Scott decision. nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall [1]” In the Dred Scott decision, Chief Justice Taney said that Scott private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. II. The Dred Scott Decision was a slave, not a citizen, and therefore had no right to bring a lawsuit. He added that Scott's residence on free soil did not Frederick Douglass him free, because was property. Asincarnation property, he could …”You willmake readily ask me how I am affected by thishe devilish decision--this judicial of wolfishness? My answer is, and no thanksfrom to the slaveholding wing of the Supreme Court, process my hopes were not be taken away his owner without "due of law." never brighterth than now. (5 Amendment) Chief Justice Roger B. Taney I have no fear that the National Conscience will be put to sleep by such an open, glaring, and scandalous The Dred Scott advocates in the tissue of lies as that decision is, and decision has been, over outraged and over, shownantislavery to be. In his famous debates with Lincoln, Douglas opposed North, pleased Southerners, dividing The Supreme Court of but the United States is not the only power in this world…” the country more than African American citizenship in any form and attacked ever. as "monstrous heresy" Lincoln's insistence that In 1858 the Senate race in Illinois attracted national attention. It "the Negro and the white man are made equal by pitted Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas against a littlethe Declaration of Independence and by Divine known Republican challenger named Abraham Lincoln. Providence." Douglas held that African Americans Lincoln challenged Douglas a series of debates "belong to an inferior racetoand must always occupy leading up to the election. The seven debates took place between August and an inferior position." Lincoln denounced Douglas's October popular-sovereignty 1858. Slavery was the main topic. idea as "a mere deceitful During the debates Douglas forthand hisemphasized idea known as the pretense for the benefit ofput slavery" Freeportthe Doctrine, after the Illinois town"When where callousness of Douglas's statement: theDouglas made the statement. pointthe of white viewman gained Douglas struggleThis is between and the Negro, I support among those wereman; against butthe lost Douglas am forthat the white when itslavery is between Negro support among the proslavery population. and the crocodile, I am for the Negro." 37 5th Amendment to the United States Constitution Run Time: [05:46] In 1857, the Supreme Court was a decidedly partisan institution. Their desire to secure the rights of slave holders would cause them to make the most infamous judicial decision in American History. The man who started it all was Dred Scott. 38 II. Continued Douglas claimed that Lincoln wanted African Americans to be equal to whites. Lincoln denied this. He said that he and the Henry David Party Thoreau merely gave not one butthat two public Republican felt slavery was wrong. speeches praising him as an avenging angel. Douglas narrowly won the election, but during the debates, Lincoln earned a national reputation. Nathaniel Hawthorne declared, "Nobody was ever more justly hanged." After the election of 1858, Southerners felt increasingly threatened by the growing power of the antislavery Republican Party. A raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, further fed Southern fears. "I,On John Brown, 16, am now quite certain that the crimes of led a small October 1859, abolitionist John Brown this guiltyofland can never be purged but with in a raid on an group whites and free Africanaway Americans blood." arsenal at Harpers Ferry. The aim was to arm enslaved —John Brown's last words, written on a note African Americans and spark a slave uprising. handed to a guard just before his hanging The plan failed and local citizens and federal troops captured Brown and some of his followers. John Brown was tried, found guilty of murder and treason, and hanged. John Brown's death became a rallying point for abolitionists in the North. He became a martyr for a just cause 39 Notes Chapter 15, Section 4 Did You Know? Although Mary Todd Lincoln was the First Lady of the United States during the Civil War, the South considered Varina Howell Davis, Jefferson Davis's wife, First Lady of the Confederate States during the same time. After her husband's death in 1889, she wrote her memoirs and moved to New York City to support herself by writing magazine articles. She died in 1905. 40 I. The Election of 1860 (Pages 449-450) In the months leading up to the election of 1860, the issue of slavery split the Democratic Party along sectional lines. The Republican Party nominated Abraham John Bell John C. Constitutional Breckenridge Union Party http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxWwDgOj0oE&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active Southern Democrat Stephen Douglas—Northern Democrat Lincoln. The Republican Party said that slavery should be left alone where it existed, but should not be allowed to spread into the territories. With the Democratic Party split, Lincoln narrowly won the election even though he did not appear on the ballot in most Southern states. (Campaign song) 41 Republican Party Platform in 1860 ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.] ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]. ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers]. 1860 Election Results 43 1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!” 44 II. The South Secedes Crittenden Compromise (Pages 451-452) Amendments to the Constitution Although Lincoln had promised to leave slavery 1. Slavery would be prohibited in all territory of the United States "now held, or hereafter alone where it existed, Southerners did not trust the Republican Party to protect their rights. On 2. Congress was forbidden abolish slavery in places under its jurisdiction a slave November 20,to1860, South Carolina held a within special state such as a military post. convention and slavery voted toDistrict secede from theasUnion. 3. Congress could not abolish in the of Columbia so long it existed in the adjoining states of Virginia and Maryland and without the consent of the District's inhabitants. Even after South Carolina's secession, leaders in Compensation would be given to owners who refused consent to abolition. 4. Congress could not but prohibit or interfere with the interstate slave trade. Washington worked toof rescued findfugitive a compromise that would 5. Congress would provide full compensation to owners slaves. Congress was empowered to sue the county in which obstruction to the fugitive slave laws took place to recover payment; the county, in turn, could sue "the wrong doers or preserve Union. rescuers" who prevented thethe return of the fugitive. 6. No future amendment of the Constitution could change these amendments or authorize or C. Senator Johnwith Crittendon ofslave Kentucky proposed a empower Congress to interfere slavery within any state. Fugitive Slave plan toLaws protect slavery in all present and future 1. That fugitive slave laws were constitutional and should be faithfully observed and executed. territories south of the 36°30 line set by the Missouri 2. That all state laws which impeded the operation of fugitive slave laws, the so-called "Personal liberty laws," were unconstitutional and should This be repealed. Compromise. was unacceptable to both 3. That the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 should be modified [and rendered less objectionable to the North] by equalizing the fee schedule for returning or releasing alleged and limiting the powers of marshals to summon citizens to aid in their capture. Republicans andfugitives Southern leaders. 4. That laws for the suppression of the African slave trade should be effectively and thoroughly executed. acquired," north of latitude 36 degrees, 30 minutes line. In territory south of this line, slavery was "hereby recognized" and could not be interfered with by Congress. Furthermore, property in slaves was to be "protected by all the departments of the territorial government during its continuance." States would be admitted to the Union from any territory with or without slavery as their constitutions provided. 45 1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart II. Continued Ordinances of Secession 13 Confederate States of America By February 1861 Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia had joined South Carolina in secession. They chose Jefferson Davis, a Mississippi senator, as their president. The Southern states felt justified in leaving the Abraham Lincoln Union because, they argued, they had voluntarily FinalUnion.. Portion of First Inaugural Address entered the Monday, March 4, 1861 “ In F.your While the Southern states wereand seceding, hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, not in mine, isJames the momentous issue of civil war. still The Government will not assail Buchanan was president. Buchanan you. You a canmessage have no conflict without being yourselves the sent to Congress stating that the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Southern states hadtheno right to one secede. He added Government, while I shall have most solemn to "preserve, that and thedefend United protect, it." States government did not have “the I am loath to close. We are them. not enemies, but friends. We must not power to stop be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds In his inaugural speech Marchstretching 1861, from Lincoln of affection. The mystic chordsin of memory, every battlefield patriot grave to every and took on a and calming tone. He living saidheart secession would hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the not be permitted, but pleaded with the South for Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better reconciliation. angels of our nature.” 47 III. Fort Sumter (Page 453) Confederate forces had taken over some federal property after secession. On the day after his inauguration, Lincoln received a message from the commander of Fort Sumter, which was located on an island at the entrance of the harbor in Charleston, South Carolina. The fort was low on supplies, and the Confederates were demanding its surrender. Lincoln informed the governor of South Carolina that the Union would send supplies to the fort. The Confederates responded by attacking Fort Sumter on Flagthe Raising Ceremony, Fort Sumter: awaits the raising the American flag in on April fort on April 12,A crowd 1861. The fortofsurrendered April, 1865. The Confederate Flag flew over Fort Sumter throughout the Civil War. 14, with no loss of life on either side. This was the first attack of the Civil War News of the attack got the North fired up. Lincoln's call for volunteers to fight the Confederacy was quickly answered. In the meantime, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas also voted to join the Confederacy. The Civil War had begun. 48 Why do you think the Confederacy decided to fire on Fort Sumter rather than accept Lincoln’s request to peacefully resupply the soldiers there? The Confederacy wanted to drive home the point that it did not want reconciliation with the Union and intended to fight to maintain itself as a separate nation. 49 Pick one of the following questions to answer on tomorrow’s test How did sectionalism lead to Civil War? Why was the Dred Scott decision important? 50