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15
Road to Civil
War
Chapter
1820-1861
The back of a Louisiana slave named Gordon, photographed in 1863 after he
escaped to the Union forces. Whipping was the most common form of punishment on
plantations, and slaveowners and overseers whipped slaves with frightening regularity.
Slaves could be whipped for almost any pretext: for “not picking cotton,” “or not
picking as well as he can,” for picking “very trashy cotton,” and so forth. One overseer
gave twelve lashes to eight women for “hoeing bad corn.” While punishments were
often work related, whipping was also used to humiliate slaves and instill deference,
4
obedience, and servility. Slaves could be whipped for answering back to overseers or
appearing in any way “insolent.”
It’s not a coincidence that six of the seven
presidents who served from 1841-61 made the
list of the…
(as defined by a poll conducted by Newsweek 3-2-09)
1.
James
Buchanan
(1857-61)
8.
William
Harrison
(1841)
9. (tie)7.Herbert
9.
(tie)
Hoover
Richard
(1929-33)
Nixon
(1969-74)
6.
John
Tyler
(1841-45)
Ulysses
S.
Grant
(1869-77)
4.
Franklin
Pierce (1853-57)
5.
Millard
Fillmore
(1850-53)
3.
Andrew
Johnson
(1865-69
He was
known
Though
as
a
politically
poor
communicator
gifted,
heall
will
who
He
refused
to
challenge

10.
Zachary
Taylor
He
was
president
for
of
30
Hebacked
was
a stalwart
defender
of
Serving
right
after
Andrew
His
fervor
for
expanding
the
He
the
Compromise
of
He
survived
impeachment
fueled 
trade
forever
wars
be
and
associated
exacerbated
with
the
the
A
political
novice,
the war
hero
is
slavery
who
abandoned
his
days
after
contracting
either
the
spread
of
Johnson,
he
presided
over
an
borders—thereby
adding
1850
that
delayed
the
Southern
after
opposing
Depression.
Watergate
scandal
and
his
entirely
forgettable
as
president.
party's
platform
once
he
was
pneumonia
during
his
slavery
or
the
growing
outbreak
of
graft
and
corruption,
2.
Warren
G.
Harding
1921-23
several
slave
states—helped
resignation.
secession
by allowing
slavery
Reconstruction
initiatives
president.
interminable
inaugural.
bloc
of
states
that
became
but
had
good
intentions.
Read
the Full
Story
He
was
an
ineffectual
and
set
the
stage
for
the
Civil
to
spread.
including
the
14th
Read the Full Story
Read the Full Story
the Confederacy.
indecisive
leader who played
War.
amendment.
Read
Full
Read
the
Full Story
Readthe
the
FullStory
Story
poker
while
his friends
The fifteenth President of the United States from 1857–1861
plundered
the
U.S.
treasury.
and the last to
be born
in the eighteenth
century. To date he
Read the Full Story
Read the Full
is Story
the only
president from the state of Pennsylvania and the
only president to remain a bachelor
5
(Underlying Causes: Slavery, state’s rights diff. societies and economic systems)
The Downhill Slide to War
(Immediate Causes)
 1. Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Act
of 1850
 2. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852
 3. Kansas Nebraska Act 1854
 4. Formation of Republican Party 1856
 5.
Dred Scott Decision 1857
A political cartoon from 1861 shows Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana
as men riding donkeys, following South Carolina's lead toward a cliff. The man
 6.
Brown’s
Oct.
16,
fromJohn
South Carolina
is sayingRaid
“We goof
the Harper’s
whole hog…OldFerry
Hickory is
dead and
we’ll have at it…
1859.
Florida, immediately behind South Carolina, cries, "Go it Carolina! We are the
boys to "wreck" the Union." “WE go it blind-”Cotton is King”!
 7. Election of Abraham Lincoln 1860
Down with the Union! Miss. Repudiates her bonds. Go it boys! We’ll soon taste
the sweets of secession.
 8.
Attack on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861.
“We have some doubts about the end of that road and think it expedient to
deviate a little.”
CREDIT: "THE 'SECESSION MOVEMENT'." Currier & Ives 1861. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.
6
Did You Know? Every so often the
Vice-President becomes important.
 Throughout its history the
United States Senate has
sometimes been evenly
divided between the political
parties. When that happens,
it is the vice president who
breaks any tie votes. This has
happened more than 230
times. Since the 1870s,
however, no vice president
has cast more than 10 tiebreaking votes.
7
The Missouri Compromise (Pages 436-437)




Missouri applied for statehood in 1819. At the time the
Senate was balanced, with 11 free states and 11 slave
states.
The North and the South, with very different economic
systems, were also competing for new lands in the West..
Representative Henry Clay, Speaker of the House,
proposed a solution to the Missouri problem. Maine, which
had been a part of Massachusetts, had also applied for
admission to the Union as a new state. Clay suggested
admitting Missouri as a slave state and admitting Maine as
a free state at the same time.
Clay proposed prohibiting slavery in all territories and
states carved from the Louisiana Purchase north of the
latitude line of 36°30"N.
The one exception would be
Missouri.
Clay's two proposals, which became known as the
Missouri Compromise, were passed by Congress in
1820.
8
interactive map

 Summarize what the following map shows. Then
discuss how this map relates to the spread of slavery in
the South.
All reasonable answers will be accepted.
The map shows how cotton production spread
throughout the South( largely as a result of the
cotton gin) between 1820 and 1860. Growing cotton
required much manual labor. At the time, slaves
were the main source of cheap labor for cotton
plantations. As cotton production spread to other
areas of the country, slavery spread with it.
9
. New Western Lands (Pages 437-438)
 The issue of slavery in new Western lands stayed in the






background between 1820 (the year of the Missouri Compromise)
and the 1840s.
After winning independence from Mexico, Texas asked for
admission to the Union. This again brought out the question of
whether free or slave states would control the Senate. As a result
Texas's statehood became the main issue in the 1844 election.
Democratic candidate James K. Polk won the election and
pressed to add Texas. Texas became a state in 1845.
Disputes between the United States and Mexico over boundaries
in Texas and the desire of the United States for New Mexico and
California led to the MexicanAmerican War.
Wilmot's proposal, called the Wilmot Provisio, said that slavery
should be prohibited in any lands that might be acquired from
Mexico at the end of the Mexican-American War.
The debate over slavery and the refusal of either the Democratic
or Whig candidate for president in 1848 to take a stand on slavery
in the territories led to the formation of the Free Soil Party, which
supported the Wilmot Proviso.
Once in office, President Taylor Dr. Zebra encouraged the territories
of New Mexico and California, which had been obtained from
Mexico at the end of the Mexican-American War, to apply for
11
statehood.
Further Complicating Things: The
“Know-Nothings” [The American Party]
ß Nativists.
ß Anti-Catholics.
ß Antiimmigrants.
1849  Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner,
created in NYC and spreads becoming a national
party-American Party-in 1855
12
All reasonable answers will be accepted.
 In your own words, Insummarize
main
ideaofand
key
the period before thethe
Civil War,
the economy
the North
was
rapidly while the South was holding onto its old ways.
points presented in changing
the
following
passage.
In the North, cities were growing,
factories were springing up,
and machines were doing much of the work. At the same time,
the South was not changing much. It was holding onto its
country lifestyle and farming economy, which required much
human labor instead of machine labor.
13
Wilmot’s proposal would have prohibited
slavery in many new Western territories, which
would not have been acceptable to the South;
Calhoun’s proposal would have allowed slavery
in all new Western lands, which the North would
have opposed.
Why would the proposals by David
Wilmot and John C. Calhoun
regarding slavery in the Western
lands have been received differently
in the North and South?
14
III. A New Compromise










(Pages 438-439)
In January 1850 Senator Henry Clay presented a new multi-part plan to
settle a number of issues dividing Congress, including the possible spread
of slavery into Western lands.
According to Clay's plan, the following things would happen:
1.IfCalifornia
would be admitted as a free state.
you who represent the stronger portion, can not agree to settle
2.them
The New
Mexico
Territory
would
have no
slavery
on the
broad
principle
of justice
and
duty,restrictions.
say so; and let the
3.States
A New we
Mexico-Texas
border
dispute
would
be
decided
of New
both represent agree to separate and part in
infavor
peace.
Mexico.
you
are unwilling
wehttp://adage.com/brightcove/single.php?title=1415621128
should
part in peace,
tell us so;
we shall
4.If
The
slave
trade-though
not
slavery-would
be abolished
in and
Washington,
Daniel
Webster
know what to do when you reduce the question to submission or
D.C.
Ifbe
you
remain silent,
you
will compel
us to infer by your
5.resistance.
Thereyour
would
a stronger
fugitive
slave
law.
Sir,
eyes
and
mine
are
never
destined
to see that
acts what you intend. In that case California will become the test
Aquestion.
bitter debate
in Congress
over the provisions
of Clay's
proposal
raged
IfThe
you admit
her under all the
difficulties
that
oppose her
miracle.
dismemberment
of
this
vast
country
for seven months. Clay's plan could not pass as a package, and President
admission, you compel us to infer that you intend to exclude us from
Taylor
opposed
it. Then
in July
1820,breaking
Taylor
suddenly
diedFillmore
without
convulsion!
The
up
of
the
fountains
the
whole
of
the
acquired
Territories,
with
the
intention
of
pres.
destroying irretrievably the equilibrium between the two sections.
The
president,
Millard
Fillmore,
proposed
athe
compromise.
Senator
ofnew
the
great
deep
ruffling
surface!
Who
is
We
should
be blind
notwithout
to
perceive
in that case
that
your real
objects
Stephen
split Clay's proposal
into fivenot
different
are powerDouglas
and aggrandizement,
and infatuated,
to actbills to allow
so
foolish,
I
beg
every
body's
pardon,
as
to
members
of Congress
tothvote
on them separately. That way,expect
membersto
accordingly.
March 4
1850
could vote for measures they agreed with and vote against parts they did
see
any without
such thing?
not
support
rejecting the whole plan.
Congress
passed the Too
series
of five separate bills in August and September
John C. Calhoun
ill to deliver it himself, so it was read by another senator with Calhoun
presentTogether
in the Senatethey
Chamber.
Calhoun,known
so ill he had
be helped
out of the Chamber after
speech. by
1850.
became
astothe
Compromise
ofthe1850
two of Americans,
his friends, died on
March 31, 1850.
Many
including
President Fillmore, thought this compromise 15
would settle the question of slavery once and for all. But this was not the
case.
Secession! Peaceable secession!
California would be admitted to the Union as a
free state, and the slave trade would be
abolished in Washington, D.C., which satisfied
the North. The New Mexico Territory would be
open to slavery, and there would be a stronger
fugitive slave law, which pleased the South.
How did the Compromise of 1850 satisfy
both free states and slave states?
16
Notes
Chapter 15, Section 2
 Did You Know?
 The success of the
Underground Railroad
was due to many people,
including those they called the
conductors, who escorted
or guided freedom seekers
between stations or safe
houses, and the
stationmasters, who
provided shelter or a hiding
place to freedom seekers.
The efforts of the
Underground Railroad
further divided the nation
17
I.
The Fugitive Slave Act
(Pages 441-442)
Personal Liberty Laws
1850 Congress
passed the Fugitive
In Ohio ,( and
other northern states) the chief objective was less a desire to expand
Slave
Act.
black rights than to ensure that outright kidnapping was not condoned. (Ohio did
 In
not repeal its virulently discriminatory Black Code until 1849.) Southerners
 After
passage of the Fugitive Slave Act,
objected strenuously to personal liberty laws as a violation of sectional equity and
reciprocal trust; but the
1850 act, seenup
in theefforts
North as punitive
and tyrannical, only
Southerners
stepped
to
catch
aroused greater sectional animosities. Northern opposition was most dramatically
runaways.
illustrated when an abolitionist Boston mob tried to rescue Anthony Burns, a
fugitive from Virginia, in May 1854. The mission failed. Commissioner Edward
Loring had
Burns remanded to slavery,
and U.S.
troops escortedslavery
him through
 Many
Northerners
who
opposed
sullen crowds to a waiting ship. The effort cost the federal government more than
refused
to cooperate with the Fugitive Slave
$100,000.
Act
and
continued
topersonal
aidliberty
runaway
enslaved
The legal
conflict
that pitted northern
statutes against
federal
fugitive slave measures reflected the concepts of double sovereignty that citizens
African
Americans. They created the
of the federated Union then entertained. Southerners insisted on the sovereignty of
the states, but in this controversy
northerners
federal laws.
Underground
Railroad
to"nullified"
helpunwelcome
runaways.
Although the constitutionality of the fugitive slave laws was unquestioned, only
the force of arms
could
finally define Slave
the natureAct
of the Union,
source
 Although
the
Fugitive
was itsthe
law
of authority, and the boundaries of liberty.
of the land, Northern juries often refused to
convict people accused of breaking this.
18
“My son Charles claimed that President Lincoln
looked
down
at me
his coal
nuggetEva"
eyes
and
"I Am Going
There,
or with
the Death
of Little
(1852)
John
Stowell Adams
Written
the readers
of
said, and
"soinscribed
this istothe
lady who
started the great war!".
"Uncle Tom's Cabin" [by Harriet Beecher Stowe 1811-1896]
I don't
recall
incident,
but
wasClick
with to
meplay music
by
John Stowell
Adamsthe
(18??-1893)
Adapted
to aCharles
favorite Melody.
the day I met Mr. Lincoln. If it was said, it is a
terrible
accusation
to put
ongoing
anyone.
True, my book,
"Uncle Tom,"
said Eva,
"I am
there."
"Uncle
Tom's
did stir up the hornet's nest,
"Where,
Miss Cabin",
Eva?"
Thethe
child
rose
pointed
herplanted
little hand
todivided
the sky;
but
seeds
ofand
unrest
were
and a
the
glowhad
of evening
lit
her golder
hairitand
nation
been the
harvest
before
hadflush'd
been her cheek
wiith
a kind
of unearthly
radiance,
written.”
Harriet
Beecher
Stowe and her eyes were bent
Harriet Beecher Stow 1811-1898
earnestly on the skies.
1. “I am going there, I am going there,”
She said in a voice so gently sweet,
That Uncle Tom smooth’d her golden hair,
And mused like a child at Eva’s feet.
2. Then he thought that her hands had thinner grown,
Her skin more clear, her breath more short,
That he, poor Tom, would be left alone
With the lessons fair Eva to him had taught.
3. And weaker she grew
And calling her father
“O father, my strength
Do let me speak ere it
copies in the first
as the monthsSold
flew 300,000
past.
she sweetly said:—
Sold two million in a decade
it is failing fast,
all hath fled!”
4. Then she spake to her friends— “forever love
All that is holy, and good, and fair;”
And to Uncle Tom— “we shall meet above—
Above— with the holy angels there.”
year
19
1852 Presidential Election
√ Franklin Pierce
Democrat
Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale
Whig
Free Soil
20
1852
Election
Results
21
Those who did not support slavery felt they were
being forced to do something morally wrong and
could not go against their consciences. Can you
think of any current public policies or laws that
people might object to on moral grounds?
Why do you think many people refused to
obey the Fugitive Slave Act?
22
II. The Kansas-Nebraska Act
President Franklin Pierce comes out
(Pages 442-443)
Douglas
in favor of the Kansas Nebraska
Acton the Kansas Nebraska Bill "The great principle of self
costing him his party’s nomination
in is at stake, and surely the people of this country are never
government
1856 as his Northern support
going to decide that the principle upon which our whole republican
vanished.
system rests is vicious and wrong."
 Hoping to encourage
settlement of the West and open the
way for a transcontinental railroad, Senator Stephen
Thomas Hart
Benton organizing
Voted against Compromise of
Douglas
proposed
the region west of Missouri
1850 as a senator.Lost reelection. Voted against the Kansas Nebraska Act
and
Iowa as the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
as a House of Representatives member from Missouri–lost
reelection again as
a result. Kansas and Nebraska lay north of 36°30"N Because
both
the
area
that
was
established
"What
is the
excuse
for all
this turmoil andas free of slavery in the
Compromise
of 1820-it
expected that Kansas and
mischief? We are told
it is to keepwas
the question
of slavery outwould
of Congress!
Great God!
It was
Nebraska
become
free
states.
out of Congress, completely, entirely, and
 Southerners
were unless
disturbed
by the possibility of Kansas
forever out of Congress,
Congress
and
Nebraska
entering
the
Union
dragged
it in by breaking
down the
sacred
laws as free states, so Senator
which settled
it!“ (Compromise of
1820)
Douglas
proposed
abandoning
the Missouri Compromise
Senator Charles Sumner on Douglas "Alas! too often those principles
and
settlers
in each
territory
decide whether to allow
which
giveletting
consistency,
individuality,
and form
to the Northern
slavery.
called
"popular
sovereignty."
character,
whichThis
renderwas
it staunch,
strong,
and seaworthy,
which bind it
together as with iron, are drawn out, one by one, like the bolts of the ill
There was bitter debate over the issue in Congress. In 1854
fitted vessel, and from the miserable, loosened fragments is formed that
Congress
thewith
Kansas-Nebraska
human
anomaly -- apassed
Northern man
Southern principles. Sir,Act.
no such
man can speak for the North."
23
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
24
Run Time: [05:21]
The Compromise of 1850 did not solve North/South disputes over new states and the location of the Transcontinental
Railroad. Trace the consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Uncover events in what came to be called Bleeding Kansas
25
The Kansas Nebraska Act Opened the door to
slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories.
It overturned a previous agreement, the
Compromise of 1820, which said that areas
north of 36,30”N, which included Kansas and
Nebraska, would be free of slavery.
Why could the North have
considered the KansasNebraska Act a betrayal?
26
III. Conflict in Kansas
(Pages 443-444)
 After the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, proslavery and
antislavery groups rushed supporters into Kansas to influence
voting over whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free
state or slave state.
August
1856 thought by antislavery
 In the spring of
1855, 25th,
in an election
to be of
unfair,
Kansas
voters
elected
a proslavery
We supporters
are
in
the
midst
war
-war
of
the
most
bloody
legislature.
kind
-- a after
war of
Freedom
slavery passed a
 Soon
theextermination.
election, the new
Kansasand
legislature
of lawsinsupporting
slavery,and
such
as the
are series
interlocked
deadly embrace,
death
is requirement that
candidates for political office be proslavery. Antislavery forces,
certain
for one
or thethese
otherlaws,
party...
A crisis
is just held their
refusing
to accept
armed
themselves,
ownus...
elections,
andGod
adopted
a constitution
prohibiting
before
and only
knoweth
where it will
end. slavery.
 By January 1856, rival governments-one proslavery and one
antislavery-existed
in Kansas.
Both
of them
applied
for
“Imagine
a man standing in a pair
of long boots...
the handle
of a large
bowie-knife
Julia
Louisa
Lovejoy
statehood
onorbehalf
of Kansas
askedaround
Congress
projecting
from one
both boot-tops;
a leatherand
belt buckled
his waist,for
on
recognition.
each
side of which is fastened a large revolver... Imagine such a picture of
who can swear any given number of oaths in any specified time, drink
humanity,
The
opposing
forces, both armed, clashed in Kansas..
any quantity of bad whiskey without getting drunk, and boast of having stolen a
Newspapers
began
tomore
refer
to the--area
half
dozen horses and killed
one or
abolitionists
and youas
will"Bleeding
have a pretty
fairKansas.“
conception ofBecomes
a Border Ruffian,
as he
appears
in Missouri
in Kansas.”
the
first
territory
toand
shed
blood in
a
civil war over slavery
John H. Gihon
27
Run Time: [08:05]
The Compromise of 1850 put off the question about slavery in territories for a few years, but
the lure of the west was irresistible.
28
Argument Versus Clubs, a lithograph that shows
Northern outrage over Preston Brooks's attack on
Sumner. (1856)
“The
Crime
Against
The
Richmond
Enquirer crowed:
Sumner
on Douglas:
“ …a noisome,
Sumner
on Butler:
…
“has
taken
a
mistress
Two
days
later
Preston
Brooks
to
Sumner:
“Mr.
"squat,
We
consider
the
act
good
in
Kansas”
May 19-20 1856
and nameless
who,
though
ugly
to
others,
is
always
Sumner,
I
have
read
your
speech
animal…not better
a proper
for
conception,
inmodel
execution,
lovely
to
him;
Though
polluted
in
the
an American
senator.”
twice
over
carefully.
It is a libel
and
best of
all
in consequences.
sight of the world, is chaste in his
onThese
Southvulgar
Carolina,
and Mr.in the
abolitionists
sight—I mean, the harlot, Slavery.”
Butler,
is be
a relative
of
Senatewho
must
lashed into
mine!”
submission."
Sen. Charles
Sumner
(R-MA)
Congr. Preston
Brooks
(D-SC)
29
OAT QUESTION
35. Before the American Civil War, Congress passed laws
that were intended to solve problems caused by the
expansion of slavery. What happened as a result of the
passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
A. slave rebellion in the border states
B. extension of the Missouri Compromise
C. violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery
settlers
D. announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation
30
Why did people who opposed
slavery mistrust the results of the
1855 election for the Kansas
legislature?
In an election that chose a proslavery
legislature, there were more votes cast than
there were voters in Kansas. (1,500 actual
voters but there were more than 6,000 votes
counted)
31
As one of Abraham Lincoln ‘s earliest published speeches, this address has been much scrutinized and debated by
historians, who see broad implications for his later public policies. Lincoln was 28 years old at the time he gave
this speech and had recently moved from a rough pioneer village to Springfield, Illinois.
Notes
Chapter 15, Section 3
“At what point then is the approach of danger to be expected? I
answer, if it ever reach us, it must spring up amongst us. It cannot
come from abroad. If destruction be our lot, we must ourselves be
its author and finisher. As a nation of freemen, we must live
through all time, or die by suicide.”
 Did You Know?
 Before his election
--January 27, 1838
as president, the
only political offices
Abraham Lincoln
held were as a fourterm Illinois state
legislator and oneterm United States
member of
Congress.
32
I. A New Political Party
Inauguration of James Buchanan, March 4, 1857, from a photograph
(Pages 445-446) by John Wood.
Buchanan's Inauguration was the first one to be recorded in photographs.
 In 1854 antislavery Whigs and
Millard Fillmore—American
John C. Freemont--Republican
Party/Know Nothing PartyNativist.
antislavery Democrats joined with Free
"What is right and what is practicable are two different things."
Soilers to create the Republican Party.
Other great
in the fence sitting,
tight rope walking,
life of James
moments
Republican
candidates
began
to Buchanan
challenge proslavery Whigs and
Democrats in state and congressional
The Buchanan treasury of quotations, such as it is, is marked by an on-the-one-hand, onelections of 1854.
the-other-hand evenhandedness that left him with sores from straddling the fence:
 Democrat James Buchanan won the
presidential election of 1856, with the
strong support of Southerners.
(Only President from Pennsylvania)—James Buchanan
"I believe [slavery] to be a great political and great moral evil. I thank God, my lot has been cast in a State where it does not
exist. But, while I entertain these opinions, I know it is an evil at present without a remedy...one of those moral evils, from
which it is impossible for us to escape, without the introduction of evils infinitely greater. There are portions of this Union,
in which, if you emancipate our slaves, they will become masters. There can be no middle course."
"It is better to bear the ills we have than to fly to others we know not of."
"What is right and what is practicable are two different things."
"Liberty must be allowed to work out its natural results; and these will, ere long, astonish the world."
"All that is necessary to [abolish slavery], and all for which the slave States have ever contended, is to be let alone and
permitted to manage their domestic institutions in their own way."
"Whatever the result may be," he said, "I shall carry to my grave the consciousness that I at least meant well for my 33
country."
Run Time: [26:41]
The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 spawned the secession of seven southern states. Trace the early events and issues
of the Civil War, including the attack on Fort Sumter, the mobilization of troops, and the influence of border states.
34
1856
Election
Results
35
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
36
“No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless
(Pages
on presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in
the 446-448)
land or
naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger;
norshall
any days
person be
subject
for the same
offense to be took
twice put
in jeopardy
life
Two
after
President
Buchanan
office,
the of
Supreme
or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself,
Court announced the Dred Scott decision.
nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall
[1]”
 In
the Dred
Scott
decision,
Chief
Justice Taney
said that Scott
private
property
be taken
for public
use, without
just compensation.
II. The Dred Scott Decision
was a slave, not a citizen, and therefore had no right to bring a
lawsuit. He added that Scott's residence on free soil did not
Frederick Douglass
him
free,
because
was
property.
Asincarnation
property,
he could
…”You willmake
readily ask
me how
I am affected
by thishe
devilish
decision--this
judicial
of
wolfishness?
My answer
is, and no
thanksfrom
to the slaveholding
wing of
the Supreme
Court, process
my hopes were
not
be taken
away
his owner
without
"due
of law."
never brighterth
than now.
(5 Amendment) Chief Justice Roger B. Taney
I have no fear that the National Conscience will be put to sleep by such an open, glaring, and scandalous
The
Dred
Scott
advocates in the
tissue 
of lies
as that
decision
is, and decision
has been, over outraged
and over, shownantislavery
to be.
In
his
famous
debates
with
Lincoln,
Douglas
opposed
North,
pleased
Southerners,
dividing
The Supreme
Court of but
the United
States is not
the only power in this
world…” the country more than
African
American
citizenship
in
any
form and attacked
ever.
as "monstrous heresy" Lincoln's insistence that
 In 1858 the Senate race in Illinois attracted national attention. It
"the Negro and the white man are made equal by
pitted Democratic
Senator Stephen Douglas against a littlethe Declaration of Independence and by Divine
known Republican challenger named Abraham Lincoln.
Providence." Douglas held that African Americans
 Lincoln challenged
Douglas
a series
of debates
"belong to an inferior
racetoand
must always
occupy leading up to
the election.
The seven debates took place between August and
an inferior position." Lincoln denounced Douglas's
October popular-sovereignty
1858. Slavery was
the main topic.
idea as "a mere deceitful
 During the
debates
Douglas
forthand
hisemphasized
idea known as the
pretense
for the
benefit ofput
slavery"
Freeportthe
Doctrine,
after
the Illinois
town"When
where
callousness
of Douglas's
statement:
theDouglas made
the statement.
pointthe
of white
viewman
gained
Douglas
struggleThis
is between
and the
Negro, I support
among those
wereman;
against
butthe
lost
Douglas
am forthat
the white
when itslavery
is between
Negro
support among
the proslavery
population.
and the crocodile,
I am for the
Negro."
37
5th Amendment to the United States Constitution
Run Time: [05:46]
In 1857, the Supreme Court was a decidedly partisan institution. Their desire to secure the rights of slave holders would
cause them to make the most infamous judicial decision in American History. The man who started it all was Dred Scott.
38
II. Continued
 Douglas claimed that Lincoln wanted African Americans to be
equal to whites. Lincoln denied this. He said that he and the
Henry David Party
Thoreau merely
gave not one
butthat
two public
Republican
felt
slavery was wrong.
speeches praising him as an avenging angel.
 Douglas narrowly won the election, but during the debates,
Lincoln earned a national reputation.
Nathaniel Hawthorne declared, "Nobody was ever more justly hanged."
 After the election of 1858, Southerners felt increasingly
threatened by the growing power of the antislavery
Republican Party.
 A raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, further fed Southern fears.
"I,On
John
Brown, 16,
am now
quite
certain that
the crimes
of led a small
October
1859,
abolitionist
John
Brown
this
guiltyofland
can never
be purged
but with in a raid on an
group
whites
and free
Africanaway
Americans
blood."
arsenal at Harpers Ferry. The aim was to arm enslaved
—John
Brown's
last
words, written
on a note
African Americans
and
spark
a
slave
uprising.
handed to a guard just before his hanging
 The plan failed and local citizens and federal troops captured
Brown and some of his followers. John Brown was tried,
found guilty of murder and treason, and hanged.
 John Brown's death became a rallying point for abolitionists in
the North. He became a martyr for a just cause
39
Notes
Chapter 15, Section 4
 Did You Know?
 Although Mary Todd Lincoln
was the First Lady of the
United States during the Civil
War, the South considered
Varina Howell Davis, Jefferson
Davis's wife, First Lady of the
Confederate States during the
same time. After her husband's
death in 1889, she wrote her
memoirs and moved to New
York City to support herself by
writing magazine articles. She
died in 1905.
40
I.
The Election of 1860
(Pages 449-450)
 In the months leading up to the election of
1860, the issue of slavery split the
Democratic Party along sectional lines.
 The Republican Party nominated Abraham
John Bell
John C.
Constitutional
Breckenridge
Union Party
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxWwDgOj0oE&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
Southern
Democrat
Stephen Douglas—Northern
Democrat

Lincoln.
The Republican Party said
that slavery should be left alone where it
existed, but should not be allowed to
spread into the territories.
 With the Democratic Party split, Lincoln
narrowly won the election even though he
did not appear on the ballot in most
Southern states.
(Campaign song)
41
Republican Party Platform in 1860
ß
Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.]
ß
Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].
ß
No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a
disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].
ß
Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the
Northwest].
ß
Internal improvements [for the West] at federal
expense.
ß
Free homesteads for the public domain [for
farmers].
1860
Election
Results
43
1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”
44
II. The South Secedes
Crittenden Compromise
(Pages 451-452)
Amendments to the Constitution

Although Lincoln had promised to leave slavery
1. Slavery would be prohibited in all territory of the United States "now held, or hereafter
alone where it existed, Southerners did not trust the
Republican Party to protect their rights. On
2. Congress
was forbidden
abolish slavery
in places
under its jurisdiction
a slave
November
20,to1860,
South
Carolina
held a within
special
state such as a military post.
convention
and slavery
voted
toDistrict
secede
from
theasUnion.
3. Congress
could not abolish
in the
of Columbia
so long
it existed in the
adjoining states of Virginia and Maryland and without the consent of the District's inhabitants.

Even after
South
Carolina's
secession,
leaders in
Compensation
would be
given to owners
who refused
consent to abolition.
4. Congress could not but prohibit or interfere with the interstate slave trade.
Washington
worked
toof rescued
findfugitive
a compromise
that
would
5. Congress
would provide full compensation
to owners
slaves. Congress was empowered
to sue
the county in
which obstruction to the fugitive slave laws took place to recover payment; the county, in turn, could sue "the wrong doers or
preserve
Union.
rescuers"
who prevented thethe
return of
the fugitive.
6. No future amendment of the Constitution could change these amendments or authorize or
 C. Senator
Johnwith
Crittendon
ofslave
Kentucky
proposed a
empower
Congress to interfere
slavery within any
state.
Fugitive
Slave
plan
toLaws
protect slavery in all present and future
1. That fugitive slave laws were constitutional and should be faithfully observed and executed.
territories south of the 36°30 line set by the Missouri
2. That all state laws which impeded the operation of fugitive slave laws, the so-called "Personal liberty laws," were
unconstitutional
and should This
be repealed.
Compromise.
was unacceptable to both
3. That the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 should be modified [and rendered less objectionable to the North] by equalizing the fee
schedule
for returning or releasing alleged
and limiting the powers
of marshals to summon citizens to aid in their capture.
Republicans
andfugitives
Southern
leaders.
4. That laws for the suppression of the African slave trade should be effectively and thoroughly executed.
acquired," north of latitude 36 degrees, 30 minutes line. In territory south of this line, slavery was "hereby
recognized" and could not be interfered with by Congress. Furthermore, property in slaves was to be "protected by all the
departments of the territorial government during its continuance." States would be admitted to the Union from any territory with or
without slavery as their constitutions provided.
45
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart
II. Continued
Ordinances of Secession
13 Confederate States of America
 By February 1861 Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi,
Alabama, Florida, and Georgia had joined South
Carolina in secession. They chose Jefferson
Davis, a Mississippi senator, as their
president.
 The Southern states
felt justified in leaving the
Abraham Lincoln
Union because, they argued, they had voluntarily
FinalUnion..
Portion of First Inaugural Address
entered the
Monday, March 4, 1861
“ In
F.your
While
the
Southern
states wereand
seceding,
hands,
my dissatisfied
fellow-countrymen,
not in mine,
isJames
the momentous
issue of civil
war. still
The Government
will not
assail
Buchanan
was
president.
Buchanan
you.
You a
canmessage
have no conflict
without
being yourselves
the
sent
to
Congress
stating
that the
aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the
Southern
states
hadtheno
right
to one
secede.
He added
Government,
while
I shall have
most
solemn
to "preserve,
that and
thedefend
United
protect,
it." States government did not have
“the
I am loath
to close.
We are them.
not enemies, but friends. We must not
power
to stop
be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our
bonds
In his
inaugural
speech
Marchstretching
1861, from
Lincoln
of affection.
The mystic
chordsin
of memory,
every
battlefield
patriot grave
to every
and
took
on a and
calming
tone.
He living
saidheart
secession
would
hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the
not be permitted, but pleaded with the South for
Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better
reconciliation.
angels
of our nature.”
47
III. Fort Sumter
(Page 453)
 Confederate forces had taken over some federal property
after secession.
 On the day after his inauguration, Lincoln received a
message from the commander of Fort Sumter, which was
located on an island at the entrance of the harbor in
Charleston, South Carolina. The fort was low on supplies, and
the Confederates were demanding its surrender.
 Lincoln informed the governor of South Carolina that the
Union would send supplies to the fort.
 The Confederates responded by attacking Fort Sumter on
Flagthe
Raising
Ceremony,
Fort Sumter:
awaits
the raising
the American flag in on April
fort
on April
12,A crowd
1861.
The
fortofsurrendered
April, 1865. The Confederate Flag flew over Fort Sumter throughout the Civil War.
14, with no loss of life on either side. This was the first
attack of the Civil War
 News of the attack got the North fired up. Lincoln's call for
volunteers to fight the Confederacy was quickly answered.
 In the meantime, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and
Arkansas also voted to join the Confederacy. The Civil War
had begun.
48
Why do you think the Confederacy decided to fire
on Fort Sumter rather than accept Lincoln’s request
to peacefully resupply the soldiers there?
The Confederacy wanted to drive home the point that it did
not want reconciliation with the Union and intended to fight
to maintain itself as a separate nation.
49
Pick one of the following questions to
answer on tomorrow’s test
How did sectionalism lead
to Civil War?
Why was the Dred Scott
decision important?
50