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Standard 3 page 316 • Who was John Brown? • What was his role in Bleeding Kansas? Spread of Slavery • Gag Rule (1836) – Limits/prevents debate on abolition • Wilmot Proviso – 1846 – No slavery in territory gained from Mexico – Didn’t pass Congress • Compromise of 1850 – – – – Henry Clay California - Free Fugitive Slave Law Popular Sovereignty – each territory decides for itself Race for Majority • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) – North of Missouri Comp. 36˚30˚ BUT Comp. of 1850 Popular Sovereignty????? – Overturned the Missouri Comp. 36˚30˚ – Kansas = Slave or Free?? • Race to populate • Population = vote Bleeding Kansas • Free v. Slave settlers • 100s killed over slavery • Led to the emergence of the Republican Party – Free soil NOT abolition – Non-slave owning whites did not want to compete with slave labor Harpers Ferry, Va Oct. 16, 1859 • John Brown and 20 men (black and white) • Raided federal arsenal • Frightened slave owners – Intentions of Northerners? – Protect slavery • John Brown was captured – Hanged and became a martyr (sacrificial victim) Dred Scott Decision 1834 • Dred Scott (slave) taken north of 36/30 • Owner died 1856 • Scott sued for his freedom – Living in free states made him free Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott v. Sandford – Slaves don’t have citizen rights to sue in court – MO Compromise is unconstitutional • Congress can’t forbid slavery • Interfered with slaveholder’s right to property – Worried Northerners who feared the Supreme Court would overturn state laws against slavery Standard 3 EOC Review The Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, Wilmot Proviso, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act were all intended to do what? a. Resolved the issue of slavery in newly acquired US territories. b. Determine the number of senators new slave states may send to Congress. c. Forbid the expansion of slavery into newly acquired territories. d. Make sure that citizens of new states could decide whether or not to allow slavery by popular sovereignty. Birth of the Republican Party • Abraham Lincoln • Free Soil – Stop the spread of slavery (not end) • Won 1860 election due to Northern and Southern Democrats splitting over slavery Secession • Formal withdrawal from a nation • 11 states withdrew from the Union • Fearful the government would take away their right to own slaves • Challenged democracy • Lincoln pledged to preserve the Union and democracy Confederacy = Alliance • Confederate States of America – Protected and recognized slavery in the territories – Jefferson Davis elected president • Terrible leader • Couldn’t get states to agree Civil War Begins • Mar. 4, 1861 – Lincoln takes office • Apr. 12, 1861 – Fort Sumter falls – Charleston Harbor, SC – South fires on the Union held Fort for 33 hours – Union surrenders Fort to Davis Advantages of the South 1. 313 military officers of the United States Military joined the south. 2. Had only to fight a defensive war to defend their territory. 3. They fought on their own land. 4. They had more experienced shooters. Advantages of the North 1. Population-22 million northerners vs. 9 million in the south, 3.5 million slaves. 2. 80% of the Nations factories were located in the north. 3. The north had twice as many railroad lines than the south. Strategies North: • Anaconda Plan – Blockade southern ports • Limit trade with Great Britain – Split Confederacy in two by taking over the Mississippi River – Capture Richmond, Va (capital) South: • Seek aid from Great Britain – Trade cotton for manufactured goods and ships • Defend territory until Britain helped or the North tired Standard 3 EOC Practice Which of the following was not an advantage enjoyed by the North during the Civil War? a. More railways for transporting people and supplies b. Greater motivations to fight for their homeland c. More factories to produce goods necessary for war d. Greater population of people Wartime • The Confederacy only invaded the Union twice – Gain support from European nations – Failed • Union Generals – Ulysses S. Grant – William Tecumseh Sherman • Southern General – Robert E. Lee Major Battles in the Civil War What When Where Why/How Confederates seize Union Fort Sumter Apr. 12, 1861 Charleston Harbor, SC Wanted to drive out the Union soldiers from the South Battle of Bull Run (aka 1st Battle of Manassas) July 21, 1861 Virginia Confederates defeated the Union Antietam Aug. 29-30, 1862 Maryland 1. South tried to invade the Union 2. Union victory 3. 26,000 dead Major Battles in the Civil War What When Where Why/How GettysburgTurning point of the war July 1-3, 1863 Pennsylvania 1. South tried to invade the Union 2. 3 days of fighting 3. 100,000 dead Vicksburg April-July, 1863 Mississippi 1. Part of the Anaconda Plan 2. Union wanted to gain control of the Mississippi River 3. Union Victory Sherman’s March to the Sea/Burning of Atlanta Sept. 2, 18641865 Atlanta Savannah Charleston Columbia 1. Union Troops and 25,000 former slaves 2. Burned everything (homes/fields) 3. Killed all the cattle 4. “Punish the South” Wartime • Emancipation Proclamation – Announced Fall 1862 • Gave South a chance to make peace and keep their slaves • Effective Jan. 1, 1863 – Military policy • Freed all slaves behind Confederate lines • Enemy resources that contributed to the war effort • Did not apply to slave states still in the Union- Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware – Great Britain could no longer support the South due to their abolition of slavery – Confederates were furious – Made compromised no longer possible Emancipation Proclamation Impact of Emancipation Proclamation • Free blacks enlisted in the United States Army – All African-American units – 54th Massachusetts • Attacked Fort Wagner in Charleston Harbor, SC • Disproved myths about capability due to race – Units were segregated, commanded by whites, paid less, and received inferior supplies Politics of War • Gettysburg Address – November 1863 – Commemorated the Battle of Gettysburg – Remade the U.S. • Before the War- “The United States are” • After the War- “The United States is” Gettysburg Address “Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated t the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on the great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we cannot consecrate– we cannot hallow–this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” Standard 3 EOC Practice • What was the Anaconda Plan? The South Surrenders • Appomattox Court HouseApril 9, 1865 – Gen. Lee (Confed.) surrendered to Gen. Grant (Union) – Lincoln didn’t want to impose harsh terms • Bring the south back into the Union as peacefully as possible – Lee’s soldiers were paroled • Kept their possessions, horses, and three days of rations – Officers kept their sidearms • Civil War was over after 4 years. Assassination • Lincoln was assassinated 5 days after the end of the war. • John Wilkes Booth: An Actor and Southern Supporter shot Lincoln. – Booth was hunted down and killed. Reconstruction 1865-1877 • After Civil War • State governments – Responsible for rebuilding state infrastructure, economy, politics, etc • Federal government – Re-establish full southern state participation in the Union – South must accept terms of losing the war Reconstruction • Federal government actively protected the rights of freedmen (former slaves) • Black Codes – Southern laws – Restricted rights of blacks • Ku Klux Klan – Terrorist group – Intimidated blacks Reconstruction • Congressional Reconstruction Plan (Military Reconstruction Act of 1867) – Split the former Confederacy into five military districts – Enabled the government to enforce the new laws/amendments Promoting Equality • 13th Amendment, 1864 – Abolished slavery in America • Freedmen’s Bureau, 1865 – Gave food and clothing to former slaves – Set up hospitals and schools • 14th Amendment, 1868 – Gave blacks full citizenship – Overturned the Dred Scott decision • 15th Amendment, 1870 – Banned states from denying blacks the vote Changes for Former Slaves • Some moved North and West – Most stayed in the South • Married and raised families • 1,000s became educated • Organized schools, colleges, universities, and churches • Volunteer organizations • Participated in government – Voting and serving in public office Post War South • Scalawags- white Republican southerners – Supported Reconstruction efforts • Carpetbaggers- white Republican northerners – Reform southern society; make money • Both were opposed my most southerners Standard 3 EOC Review Which of the following is the correct chronological order regarding events of the Civil War? a. The South secedes, Lincoln is elected, the Gettysburg Address, Lee’s surrender. b. The South fires on Fort Sumter, South Carolina secedes, Lincoln is elected, the Emancipation Proclamation. c. Gettysburg, Antietam, Stonewall Jackson’s death, Lee’s surrender. d. Lincoln is elected, the South secedes, Gettysburg, Lee’s surrender, Lincoln is assassinated. Changes for the Economy • Sharecropping- land owners allow a person/family to farm on a small plot of land – Farmers keep a small % of profit – Owners get the rest of profit • Many free blacks sharecropped • Tenant farming- renting land from landowners for cash • Cotton decreased in demand – price decreased Reconstruction Collapses • Republican Party weakened – Panic of 1873- financial crisis; started a depression • Corrupt government under President Grant • Democrats Regain Power – Redemption- return to power in 1870s Election of 1876 • Republican candidate: Rutherford B. Hayes • Democratic candidate: Samuel H. Tilden – won popular vote – 1 electoral vote short • Compromise of 1877 – Hayes became president – Federal troops removed from South – Ended Reconstruction • Home rule- running state government without federal control Segregation Begins • Jim Crow Laws- Laws enacted by Southern states and local government to separate white and black people in public and private facilities • Plessy v. Ferguson- an 1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that separation of the races in public accommodations was legal, thus establishing the “separate but equal” doctrine Post-Reconstruction Period • African Americans were determined to claim full citizenship – All the rights that whites enjoyed – Jim Crow Laws, Poll Taxes, and Literacy Tests • Prevented full citizenship and participation in government • African American leaders differed in how equality should be obtained Booker T. Washington • Born a slave • Received an education • Founded the Tuskegee Institute – Provides vocational training for African Americans – Blue Collar: welders, blacksmiths, skilled laborers – George Washington Carver developed new crops to aid poverty-stricken farmers • Equality comes from contributing to the economy • Did not speak openly against Jim Crow and Segregation – Lynching W.E.B. DuBois • Born free (north) • Educated (PhD from Harvard) • African Americans should gain educations that suit their talents – White Collar: doctors, lawyers, professionals • Opposed Washington’s strategy • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) – Full social and political equality • Popular in the black community, but not white Ida Wells-Barnet • Born a slave • Educated in a “freedom school” during Reconstruction • Became a teacher and newspaper writer • Forcibly removed from a railroad car and forced to sit in a colored-only car • Outspoken and critical of Jim Crow – Caused her to lose her job • Anti-lynching crusade – Considered a militant • Raised awareness of the conditions for African Americans in the nation