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Download The Civil War (1861–1865)
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The Civil War (1861–1865) OwlTeacher.com Fort Sumter • With Lincoln in office and all hope of compromise extinguished, the Confederate president and Confederate Congress authorized an army and navy and set about taking control of federal civil and military installation in the South. • ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________. • If supplies did not come soon, they would have to ______________ the fort to the Confederacy. OwlTeacher.com Fort Sumter • Throughout March of 1861, the Confederate government tried to negotiate the peaceful evacuation of the Union garrison at Fort Sumter, but Lincoln remained adamant that the United States would not give up the fort. • __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________. OwlTeacher.com A Difficult Decision • Lincoln had to make an important decision. • He made the decision he thought would be best. • He would __________________________. • Then he waited to see what happened. OwlTeacher.com Davis’ Response • Now Jefferson Davis had to make a decision. He decided to attack the fort before the supply ships arrived. • Faced with South Carolina “fire-eaters” (radical Confederates) who threatened to seize the fort on their own, Jefferson Davis decided that he had to take action. • __________________________________________________________ __________. OwlTeacher.com The “fire-eaters” • He assigned the mission of capturing the fort to Brigadier General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, who laid siege to Sumter, hoping to starve out post commandant major Robert Anderson and his men. • ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________! OwlTeacher.com April 12, 1861, 4:30 a.m. • With great deliberation and delay, a ship was finally loaded with reinforcements and supplies. • But it was too late! • ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________: OwlTeacher.com “All proper facilities will be afforded for the removal of yourself and command, together with company arms and property, and all private property, to any post in the United States which you may select. The flag which you have upheld so long and with so much fortitude, under the most trying circumstances, may be saluted by you on taking it down.” OwlTeacher.com April 12, 1861, 4:30 a.m. • _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ______________________. • The ensuing bombardment last an unbelievable 34 hours before Anderson, satisfied that he had done his duty, surrendered. • It would be the first battle of the Civil War. OwlTeacher.com The First Battle of Bull Run • The first major battle of the Civil War ended in a victory for ________________. • It became known as the ______________ _____ because the following year a battle occurred at almost exactly the same site. OwlTeacher.com The First Battle of Bull Run • Approximately 35,000 troops were involved on each side. • The Union suffered about 2,900 casualties, the military term for those killed, wounded, captured, or missing in action. • Confederate casualties were fewer than 2,000. OwlTeacher.com Preparing for War Strengths of the North and the South Northern Advantages: • _____________________________________ • More factories • Better balance between farming and industry • _____________________________________ • A functioning government, an army, and a navy • _____________________________________ OwlTeacher.com Preparing for War Strengths of the North and the South Southern Advantages: • Leadership: – ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________. • Military tactics: – Because the South was defending its borders, its army needed only to repel Northern advances rather than initiate military action. • Morale: – ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Preparing for War Military Strategies Union Military Strategies Union commanders wanted a military blockade of seceded states. __________________________________________ __________________________________________. They planned to cut the Confederacy in two, along the Mississippi River. Confederate War Strategies Jefferson Davis hoped that Lincoln would let the Confederacy go in peace. ____________________________________. Tactics and Technology Outdated muskets were replaced with more accurate rifles. Artillery improved with the invention of shells, devices that exploded in the air. ________________________________________ OwlTeacher.com ________________________________________. OwlTeacher.com War in the East The Monitor and the Merrimack • March 9, 1862, the ships met off the Virginia coast. • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________. • These ships made the wooden navies of the world obsolete. OwlTeacher.com War in the East The Battle of Seven Pines • __________________________________________ _________________________. • They landed southeast of Richmond. • The Union troops were met by 15,000 Confederate forces. • The Confederate forces retreated toward Richmond. • As McClellan’s army neared the capital, the Southerners turned and attacked. • The North claimed victory, but both sides OwlTeacher.com suffered heavy casualties. The South Attacks The Battle of Antietam • The Confederate forces invaded the North. • The Union army learned of General Lee’s strategy. • ________________________________ ________________________________ _______________________________. OwlTeacher.com The South Attacks • The Union forces had more than 75,000 troops, with nearly 25,000 in reserve. The Confederate forces numbered about 40,000. • By the day’s end, the Union casualties numbered more than 12,000. The Confederate casualties were nearly 14,000, more than a third of the entire army. • ____________________________________ ___________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Politics in the South The Confederate Government • Had to persuade people to give up personal interests for the common good • ________________________________________ _______________________________________ • Called for a draft, or required military service, of three years • ________________________________________ ________________________________________ • Failed to gain recognition, or official acceptance as an independent nation OwlTeacher.com Politics in the South States’ Rights Advocates • Resisted sacrificing personal interests • Claimed that a draft violated states’ rights. • Almost 25 percent of men eligible for the draft refused • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Politics in the North The Union Government • Shut down opposition newspapers • Prevented Maryland’s secession by _______ ____________________________________ • Put Kentucky under ___________________ ___________________________________. • Martial law is an emergency rule during which some guarantees under the Bill of Rights are suspended. OwlTeacher.com Politics in the North • __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ • Created a national currency, called greenbacks. • This paper money was not backed by gold, but it was declared to be acceptable as legal payment. OwlTeacher.com Emancipation and the War • On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation. • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________________. • Although the proclamation did not bring an immediate end to slavery, it promised that enslaved people would be free when the North won the war. OwlTeacher.com Emancipation and the War • The most significant reaction to the proclamation came from Europe. • Europeans felt very strongly about ______ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ _____________. OwlTeacher.com African Americans Join the War • Early in the war, General Butler said that slaves captured by the Union army were contraband, property of one side seized by the other. • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________. OwlTeacher.com African Americans Join the War • Congress authorized Lincoln to accept African Americans into the military after McClellan’s defeat in Virginia. OwlTeacher.com African Americans Join the War • By 1865, nearly 180,000 African Americans had enlisted in the Union army. • _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ ________________________________. OwlTeacher.com The Hardships of War The Northern Economy • Northern farms and factories produced ____________________________________ ___________________________________. • Women filled critical jobs in factories and on farms. • _______________ paid women lower wages than male workers and sold inferior products at inflated prices. OwlTeacher.com The Hardships of War The Southern Economy • Many planters refused to grow food instead of cotton. • _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________. • Even though production increased, the South was never able to provide all the goods its army needed. • Labor shortages and a lack of goods contributed to inflation. • Women filled many of the factory jobs. OwlTeacher.com The Hardships of War Medical Care • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________. • Disease killed many of them. • Poor nutrition and contaminated foods led to dysentery and typhoid fever. • Malaria and pneumonia were also killers. OwlTeacher.com The Hardships of War • A Union soldier was three times more likely to die in camp or in a hospital than he was to be killed on the battlefield. • Some 4,000 women served as _________ for the Union army. OwlTeacher.com The Hardships of War • By the end of the war, nursing was no longer only a man’s profession. • __________________________________. • Rotting food and garbage littered the ground. • __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Major Battles of 1863 Union Officer _____________ Burnside Confederate Officer Lee Chancellorsville Hooker ____________ South/Lee split his army and sent Jackson around to attack; surprised Hooker; Jackson died after the battle. Gettysburg Hooker Lee/Longstreet/ Pickett North/General Pickett charged the Union unsuccessfully. Confederates lost more than a third of their troops. ___________ Grant Pemberton _________________________ _________________________ _________________________. Battle OwlTeacher.com Winner/ Why ________________________ ________________________ _______________________. OwlTeacher.com The Importance of 1863 On July 4, 1863: • 30,000 Confederate troops defending Vicksburg laid down their arms and surrendered. • Former slaves celebrated Independence Day for the first time. • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________. OwlTeacher.com The Gettysburg Address • On November 19, 1863, some 15,000 people gathered at __________________ to honor the Union soldiers who had died there just four months before. OwlTeacher.com The Gettysburg Address • President Lincoln delivered a two-minute speech which became known as the Gettysburg Address. • He reminded people that _____________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ _________________________________. OwlTeacher.com The Gettysburg Address • The Gettysburg Address has become one of the best-loved and most-quoted speeches in the English language. • It expresses grief at the terrible cost of war and the importance of ________________ _________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Grant Takes Command The Battles • In an effort to exhaust the Confederate troops, ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ____________. OwlTeacher.com Grant Takes Command • In May and June of 1864, the Union and Confederate armies clashed in three major battles: – The Battle of the Wilderness began on May 5, 1864. – The armies met in a dense forest in a battle that lasted two days. OwlTeacher.com Grant Takes Command – May 8, 1864, the __________________ ________________________________ Spotsylvania Court House. – The fighting that took place over nearly two weeks is called the Battle of Spotsylvania. OwlTeacher.com Grant Takes Command – In early June, the armies clashed again at the Battle of Cold Harbor, just eight miles from Richmond. OwlTeacher.com The Siege of Petersburg • Unable to reach Richmond or defeat Lee’s army, Grant moved around the capital and attacked Petersburg. • __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ _________________________________. OwlTeacher.com The Siege of Petersburg • The attack on Petersburg failed, and Grant’s army suffered some 65,000 casualties. • Grant then turned to the tactic of siege that he had used in _______________________. • On June 18, 1864, Grant began the _______ ___________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Sherman Marches to the Sea • In early September, the ____________ army was forced to leave ___________________. • General Sherman vowed to “make Georgia howl.” • ____________________________________ ___________________________________. • He left the city in ruins. • He led some 62,000 soldiers on a march to the sea to capture Savannah. OwlTeacher.com Sherman Marches to the Sea • On December 21, 1864, the Union army entered Savannah without a fight. • Sherman’s message to Lincoln read: “I beg to present you, as a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah.” OwlTeacher.com The Election of 1864 Abraham Lincoln • Republicans changed their party name to the ______________________________________. • Dropped Vice President Hannibal Hamlin from the ticket. • Replaced Hamlin with Andrew Johnson of Tennessee. • Johnson was a Democrat and a pro-Union Southerner. OwlTeacher.com The Election of 1864 • Sherman’s capture of Atlanta showed the North that __________________________. • In November, Lincoln won an easy victory. OwlTeacher.com The Election of 1864 George McClellan • Democrats nominated General George McClellan. • McClellan was happy to oppose Lincoln, who had twice fired him. • McClellan was still admired and respected by his soldiers. • _______________________________________ ______________________________________. • McClellan promised that if elected he would negotiate an end to the war. OwlTeacher.com A New Birth of Freedom • The Thirteenth Amendment was ______ by the states and became law in December 1865. “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” OwlTeacher.com A New Birth of Freedom • Lincoln noted in his Second Inaugural Address that slavery had divided the nation, but he also laid the groundwork to “________________________________.” OwlTeacher.com Surrender at Appomattox • On April 2, 1865, Lee tried to slip around Grant’s army. • He planned to unite his troops with those of General Johnston. • Lee hoped that together they would be able to continue the war. • On April 9, 1865, Lee’s forces came to the Virginia town of Appomattox Court House. • _______________________________________ _______________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Surrender at Appomattox • Lee’s officers suggested that the army could scatter and continue to fight as guerrillas—soldiers who use surprise raids and hit-and-run tactics. • Lee rejected this idea. • That afternoon Generals Lee and Grant met in a private home. • __________________________________ __________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Civil War Deaths OwlTeacher.com Lincoln Is Assassinated • Abraham Lincoln did not live to see the official end of the war. • Throughout the winter of 1864–1865, a group of Southern conspirators in Washington, D.C., had plotted to kidnap Lincoln and exchange him for ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Lincoln Is Assassinated • After several unsuccessful attempts, their leader, John Wilkes Booth, assigned members of his group to assassinate top Union officials. • ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________. OwlTeacher.com John Wilkes Booth at first escaped according to his plan and was hunted for 12 days. His conspiracy plan to also eliminate the ______ ___________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Lincoln Is Assassinated • Booth had fled from the theater and was found hiding in a tobacco barn. • Cornered in the barn, Booth was shot in the spine when he refused to surrender. • In his final moments, he asked to have his hands lifted up before his eyes and reportedly said, "Useless, useless!" OwlTeacher.com Lincoln Is Assassinated • Lincoln’s funeral train took 14 days to travel from Washington, D.C., to his hometown of ___________________. OwlTeacher.com The nation mourned the loss of Lincoln just days after the close of the long bloody Civil War. Members of Booth's conspiracy team were rounded up, tried and quickly executed, including Mary Surratt whose boarding house was used as a meeting place. The bodies were left hanging from the scaffold a full half hour while photographs were taken. The hoods worn by the convicted can be seen in the Lincoln Museum today with Booth's gun and knife. OwlTeacher.com