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Fire-eaters F. Matthews Southerners who were champions of southern nationalism and began to demand an end to the union Fire breathers December 20, 1860— South Carolina secedes from the Union By Feb. 1861, MS, FL, AL, GA , LA and TX also had seceded. No state has the right to secede from the Union; however the federal government has no authority to stop any state who tries to do so. April and May 1861, VA, AR, NC & TN seceded—11 Confederate states March 4, 1861— Abraham Lincoln inaugurated as 16th President The Crittenden Compromise Several amendments Guarantee permanent existence of slavery in slave states and D. C. Re-establish the Missouri Compromise line in all present and future territory of U. S. Republicans would not accept; no expansion of slavery. April 12, 1861—South Carolina militia under Brigadier General P. T. Beauregard shell Fort Sumter, outside Charleston, SC Begins the Civil War June 1861—Virginia’s western counties secede from Virginia. Jun. 20, 1863— becomes Union state of West Virginia Border states of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri stay in Union. I do not see how a barbarous community and a civilized community can constitute one state. Mrs. Frank Matthews Emerson These northern people hate us, annoy us, and would have us assassinated by our slaves. . . Comparisons Manpower Factories Food Production North South Comparisons Railroads Cotton Generals North South Homestead Act Any citizen or prospective citizen could claim 160 acres of public land & purchase it for a small fee after living on it for 5 years Morrill Land Grant Act Transferred substantial public land acreage to state governments, which, in turn, were to sell the land and use proceeds to finance public education Central Pacific eastward from Sacramento Union Pacific Westward from Omaha, NE Financing the war Levying taxes Borrowing Issuing paper money— uniform system of banknotes Assembled cabinet representing all factions of Republican Party Boldly used war powers of the presidency Sent troops into battle without Congressional declaration of war (Domestic insurrection) Military arrested civilians Suspended right of habeas corpus Election of 1864 A. Lincoln A. Johnson Republican G. McClellan G. Pendleton Democratic Election of 1864 The Politics of Emancipation T. Stevens C. Sumner B. Wade Radicals Use the war to abolish slavery, Immediately and completely The Politics of Emancipation Conservatives—slower, more gradual, less disruptive process for ending slavery Lincoln—cautious; only issued an executive order (The Emancipation Proclamation) after Battle of Antietam (Sep 1862), freeing, forever, slaves in all areas of the Confederacy except those already under Union control. Proclamation did not apply to border states African-Americans in the Civil War R. G. Shaw Dorthea Dix Stanton & Anthony Clara Barton Davis was a failure. A. Brinkley Jefferson Davis Monumental and ultimately impossible task: Southern society not used to heavy taxes Small, unstable banking system Most wealth invested in slaves & land $1 million of specie only Income tax never provided much revenue Inflation: prices rose 9000%; 80% in North Conscription in South End 1862: 500,000 ; after 1862, fewer people through conscription Draft 17-50; 100,000 desertions 1864-65 Devastating effect on southern economy Markets in North cut off Export more difficult Loss of non-slave work force Destroyed land—most battles fought on southern soil Already inadequate rail system destroyed Massive shortages of everything Assess me as Commanderin-Chief. Numbers and resources Took advantage of material advantages Realized proper objective Destroy Confederate armies—not occupation of Southern territory Scott McClellan Halleck Northern strategy Anaconda Plan Winfield Scott Blockade southern ports Seize Mississippi River Attack to seize Richmond Four Theaters of Operations East—east of West—between Appalachian Mississippi Mountains River and Appalachian Mts Far West— West of the Mississippi River The Sea Southern strategy Defensive in nature defend against Northern attacks Robert E. Lee Jefferson Davis July 1861—The Union navy began a blockade of the Southern coast. South responds with small, fast blockade runners. March 9, 1862—first battle of ironclad ships. USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia Battled to a draw. Both were later sunk in storms Great Britain and France initially sympathetic to Southern cause Cotton imports U. S.: economic rival; eager to weaken Some admired supposedly aristocratic social order of South England reluctant to act: Powerful local support for Union Antislavery movement Why did no European nations aid the Confederacy? Antislavery movements English manufacturers: surplus of raw cotton and finished goods Later, imported cotton from Egypt and India English did not clamor to have blockade broken The Trent Affair Slidell Mason Wilkes Confederate diplomats Slidell and Mason boarded HMS Trent in Havana USS San Jacinto (Wilkes) stopped on high seas and arrested Mason and Slidell British: demanded release, reparations, apology The war in the far west Vicious fighting in Kansas and Missouri Quantrill organized a band of mostly teenage guerrilla fighters; murderous—killed almost all in their path Jayhawkers: Union sympathizers from Kansas; moved across western MO exacting reprisals for actions of Quantrill and other Confederate guerillas First major battle: First Manassas or Bull Run McDowell Beauregard First Manassas or Bull Run Northerners from Washington— picnic atmosphere McDowell initially successful Brigade under Southern General Thomas J. Jackson holds “like a stone wall.” Southern reinforcements arrive; McDowell routed. No Reb pursuit. Lincoln replaced McDowell with General George B. McClellan McClellan began lengthy training of his soldiers. Battle of Shiloh—April 6-7, 1862 Western Theater Demonstrated the slaughter the war would become. The Battle of Shiloh U. S. Grant vs. A. J. Johnston Grant had first taken Forts Henry and Donelson The Battle of Shiloh Southwest Tennessee Johnston attacked Grant was surprised Late, 6 Apr. Grant and General George Thomas rallied Union forces and held off Confederates. The Battle of Shiloh Johnston killed first day Night of Day 1, Northern reinforcements, under General Lew Wallace, arrived. North attacked back the next day Battle ended as a draw—but the Confederates did not attain goal Casualties: 13,000 Union; 11,000 Confederate April 1862—Union Admiral David Farragut takes New Orleans 40 ships. Union controls lower Mississippi River by June. Meanwhile in the east: McClellan fails to take Richmond Too slow; too cautious Defeated by Army of N. VA: Robt. E. Lee Meanwhile in the east: Stonewall Jackson routes the Union Army in the Shenandoah Valley Union troops rush to defend Washington. Meanwhile in the east: September 1862—energized by Lee’s and Jackson’s victories in the east, J. Davis orders Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia to invade the north. Lee crosses the Potomac River From Virginia into Maryland McClellan, based on Lee’s battle plan found in a roll of cigars. . . meets Lee’s army near Sharpsburg Battle of Antietam—Sep. 17 Single bloodiest day in American history: 26,000 casualties The Battle of Antietam Actual battle a draw, but Lee retreated. McClellan refused to pursue The Battle of Antietam Lincoln fired McClellan British and French decide against entering on Confederate side Sept. 22—Lincoln gives Emancipation Proclamation December 1862—New Union commander, Ambrose Burnside invades Virginia. Battle of Fredericksburg Lee uses brilliant feint & sweep tactics; his greatest victory 1862 ends—Union controlling west; Confederate slight edge in east. January 1, 1863: Emancipation Proclamation At first, Lincoln did not believe that the federal government had the power to free slaves where it already existed. Used Constitutional powers as Commander in Chief—ordered army to confiscate rebel supplies. May 1863— Battle of Chancellorsville Joe Hooker attacks Lee Hooker: 134,000 people Lee: 60,000 people Hooker split his force & tried to encircle Lee Cavalry under JEB Stuart detect Hooker’s plan. Lee attacks Hooker on 3 sides Stonewall Jackson’s corps moves through dense woods and attacks Hooker’s rear while Lee holds the front. Half of Hooker’s force is routed and nearly completely destroyed. While preparing to pursue and completely destroy Hooker, Jackson is wounded by his own troops & dies in a few days. Pursuit ends. Costliest Confederate victory: 25% of Lee’s force is lost plus Jackson. Victory convinces President Davis that Lee should again invade north Meanwhile in the western theater: Battle of Vicksburg One of two key, turning point, battles in 1863 If Union took Vicksburg, would control Mississippi R. Battle of Vicksburg May 1863, Grant tries two frontal attacks on fortified city of Vicksburg, MS. Both fail. Grant begins a 6-week siege— Vicksburg falls July 4, 1863 Union controls Mississippi River; South cut in half. Back in the east. . . Lee’s Army of Northern VA crosses into Maryland and then PA Looking for supplies and a decisive victory over Union Army. Brings terms for Union surrender. Lincoln replaces Hooker with George G. Meade as Commander of the Army of the Potomac. Lee learns of a shoe factory in small city of Gettysburg and moves his army toward there. Turning Point of the Civil War Battle of Gettysburg:1-3 July 1863 Gettysburg Culp’s Hill Cemetery Ridge Little Round Top Big Round Top Battle of Gettysburg:1-3 July 1863 Day 1 Confederate corps under A. P. Hill Chance meeting with Union cavalry under General Buford Buford holds, giving Meade time to form the army Battle of Gettysburg:1-3 July 1863 Gettysburg Hill Culp’s Hill Buford Cemetery Ridge Little Round Top Big Round Top Second Confederate corps under General Ewell Swings around to the north of Culp’s Hill which is not occupied Because it is late in the day, Ewell holds his position. Gives north time to prepare defense on Culp’s Hill. Battle of Gettysburg:1-3 July 1863 Ewell Gettysburg Hill Culp’s Hill Cemetery Ridge Little Round Top Big Round Top Lee desperately needs information about how Union army is placed. JEB Stuart is busy “grabbing headlines” and his cavalry does not provide Lee with info. Day 2 Union in good defensive positions against Ewell and Hill. Lee’s third corps under James Longstreet brings up two divisions. Attacks in south. Union’s General Warren recognizes weak spot on far south of Union line. Hastily places 20th Maine Regiment on Little Round Top. 20th Maine under command of a college professor named Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain Chamberlain must hold at all costs. Longstreet sees opportunity for great victory. Sends Alabama division under John B. Hood to attack. Battle of Gettysburg:1-3 July 1863 Gettysburg Culp’s Hill Longstreet Hood Cemetery Ridge 20th Maine Little Round Top Big Round Top Day 2 20th Maine holds with less than 300 people. Day 2 ends with north still in command of the battlefield but with one southern division still coming up. Day 3 Lee believes Meade has spread himself too thin and that the weak spot is in the middle. Northern corps under Major General Winfield Hancock. Lee decides to attack Hancock with Longstreet’s third division— Virginians under General George Pickett Attacks into a horseshoe High water mark of Confederacy Pickett’s division wiped out Meade chooses not to pursue Lee’s worst defeat— But Army of Northern Virginia escapes back into Virginia. November 1863—Dedication of the Gettysburg Battlefield Lincoln an afterthought, last minute invitee. After Edward Everett spoke for 2 hours, Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address: one of our famous speeches—2 ½ min Four score and seven years ago… In the west. . . September 1863—Battle of Chickamauga Creek Confederates under Braxton Bragg push Union forces back to Chattanooga, TN. November 1863—Battle of Chattanooga Union under Grant and W. T. Sherman, defeat Confederates under Bragg. May 1864—Grant appointed overall Commander of Union Armies— moves to eastern theater. Sherman assumes command of Union forces in west. Spring 1864—Grant attacks Lee in Virginia—constant pressure Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor and Petersburg Major losses both sides—hurts Lee a lot more. Seige of Petersburg—summer 1864-February 1865. Battle of the Crater In the west. . . August 1864, Sherman moves south into Georgia Takes Atlanta 1 Sep 1864 November 1864—Sherman burns Atlanta— moves southeast. Sherman and Grant begin a policy of General War Sherman: scorched earth—300 miles by 60 miles to Savannah Dec. 1864—Sherman captures Savannah then turns north to link-up with Grant. Continues scorched earth tactics in South Carolina to punish the first state to secede. Stops scorched earth when enters North Carolina—the last state to secede. April 1865—Lee tries one last attack on Grant. Battle of Five Corners is the last major battle of war. Grant defeats Lee and captures Richmond. April 9, 1865—Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House Grant paroles Lee’s troops—3 day’s rations/horses/sidearms Remainder of southern troops surrendered over next month. Jefferson Davis captured on 10 May in Georgia. Total casualties: Union: 646,392 (359,528 dead) Confed. (133,821 dead) Prison camps terrible Andersonville Prison in GA—worst Commander, Captain Henry Wirz hanged November 10, 1865 April 14, 1865— Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, an actor, at Ford’s Theater in Washington First of four presidents to be assassinated End 1865—Thirteenth Amendment ratified—ended slavery in U. S. An interesting comparison The Civil War was the first modern war Use of telegraph Machinegun Rifles & soft lead bullets Observation balloons Photography on battlefields Iron ships and submarines Certain types of artillery