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Chapter 15 The Nation Breaking Apart 1846-1861 Section 1 - Growing Tensions Between North and South • • • • Find Out: How the abolitionist movement heightened tensions between the North and South The controversies over slavery in the territories How the Wilmot Proviso and potential statehood for California deepened regional divisions Analyze the Compromise of 1850 THE DIVISIVE POLITICS OF SLAVERY • • Over the centuries, the Northern and Southern sections of the United States had developed into two very different cultural and economic regions There were also differences in geography and climate, as well as religious differences THE SOUTH BEFORE THE WAR • • • • James Hopkinson's Plantation. Planting sweet potatoes. Library of Congress Rural plantation economy Relied on slave labor “Peculiar Institution” created tension Southerners feared that the loss of slavery would mean loss of culture THE NORTH BEFORE THE WAR • • • • The North had a more diverse economy Industry flourished Openly opposed slavery in the South and the new territories More urbanized than South BOSTON HARBOR Antislavery and racism • Antislavery movement gained strength in North since 1830’s • Abolitionists felt slavery was unjust and should immediately be abolished (North) • Northern workers and immigrants feared slavery as an economic threat (WHY?) • Most Northerners were racist even if they opposed slavery (How?) • Southerners said slavery helped slaves (How?) SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES • • The issue of whether slavery in California and the West would be legal led to heated debates in Congress Gold rush led to application for statehood for California David Wilmot was a representative from the state of Pennsylvania. He proposed that slavery should not be allowed in any territory won in the War with Mexico. Angry slaveholders protested that the government had no right to tell them what to do with their own property since slaves were considered property. The measure passed the House but failed in the Senate. – Library of Congress Prints and Photographs The Wilmot Proviso The Wilmot Proviso • Proposed by Penn. Rep. David Wilmot • Most disagreements settled with Compromise of 1820 • New land won from Mexico caused tension over spread of slavery for many Northerners • Wilmot proposed to outlaw the spread of slavery in any territory won from War with Mexico • Southerners argued that slaves were property The Wilmot Proviso cont. • • • • • • Slave holders said the gov’t couldn’t prevent them from taking property anywhere they wanted Said Wilmot Proviso would be unconstitutional Divided Congress along regional lines Passed in House of Reps but not in Senate (Wilmot’s Proviso) Led to creation of Free Soil Party to stop expansion of slavery Made slavery a national issue Controversy over Territories • • • • • 1848 Nation debates what to do with land won from Mexico Addition of new states threatened balance of power between Northern and Southern states Gold discovered in California would soon cause it to apply for statehood as its population grew Most in California wanted to be a free state and applied in 1850 Balance of power between slave and free states would be upset COMPROMISE OF 1850 • • • • • Southerners threatened secession over issue Henry Clay again worked a Compromise For the North: California would be admitted as free state For the South: A more effective fugitive slave law Residents of New Mexico & Utah would vote themselves CONGRESSIONAL DEBATE The United States Senate, A.D. 1850 – Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Compromise of 1850 • Proposed by Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser) • California admitted as a free state • Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C. • Congress would pass no laws regarding slavery for the rest of the territories won from Mexico • Stronger fugitive slave laws passed Henry Clay, known as the Great Compromiser for coming up with the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Years and years in the Senate can surely age a man! Henry Clay – Library of Congress Prints and Photographs • • • • Compromise of 1850 cont. Northerners now feel they are part of slavery because of fugitive slave law Daniel Webster supports measure for good of country Bill pushed through by Stephen Douglas of Illinois Many felt the Union was saved Daniel Webster supported the Compromise of 1850 for the good of the country. Stephen Douglas helped his friend Henry Clay by pushing the bill through Congress. Notes and images from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs UNDERGROUND RAILROAD • • • Escape from slavery was dangerous and meant traveling on foot at night As time went on, African Americans and white abolitionists developed a secret network of people who would hide fugitive slaves ”Conductors” would hide runaways in tunnels and even cupboards HARRIET TUBMAN • • • HARRIET TUBMAN 1820-1913 One of the most famous conductors was Harriet Tubman Tubman escaped slavery and vowed to help others do the same She made 19 trips back to South and freed over 300 slaves (Including her own parents) A. Comparing and Contrasting Use the chart below to take notes on the differences between the North and the South North South Economy 1. North’s economy was more diverse. Agriculture remained an important part of the economy, but they began to rely on industry more. People moved to cities in the North to work in factories, causing it to be more urbanized. 2. The South remained largely agricultural, relying on plantation crops that required a large number of workers. A few wealthy planters controlled Southern society. The South had little industry. Labor System 3. People worked on farms or in factories in the North. Slavery was illegal in the North. 4. Relied on slaves to do heavy work on the plantation. Most Southerners were poor white men who farmed. Views on slavery in the territories 5. Anti-slavery movement gained strength since 1830’s. Most weren’t too extreme though. Northern workers and immigrants opposed slavery because it was an economic threat to them. Did not want to see slavery spread into new territories. 6. Southerners saw it as a way of life to be preserved. Most Southern whites were poor farmers who owned no slaves. Believed slaves were property and could be taken anywhere they wanted including new territories. B. Summarizing Use the chart below to take note on the Compromise of 1850. 1. What role did these play in passing the Compromise of 1850? Henry Clay: He worked out a compromise that would allow California to be admitted as a free state but put a harsh slave law into affect. Daniel Webster: He gave a dramatic speech in the Senate in which he forgot his section of the country and spoke for the good of the country as a whole. Without Webster’s support the Compromise of 1850 wouldn’t have passed. Stephen A. Douglas: He introduced each measure of the Compromise of 1850 as an individual bill instead of all of them as one single bill. He managed to get each one passed separately 2. What were the terms of the Compromise of 1850? 1. California admitted as a free state 2. Slave trade is abolished in Washington, D.C. 3. People in New Mexico and Utah Territories can decide for themselves about slavery in their territory 4. A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was passed Section 2 - The Crisis Deepens Find Out: • How the Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom’s Cabin affected Northerners • The concept of popular sovereignty • The violence in “Bleeding Kansas” • The attack on Senator Sumner in the Senate FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT • • • Effects of the Fugitive Slave Law – Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Under the law, runaway slaves were not entitled to a trial by jury Anyone helping a slave escape was jailed for 6 months and fined $1,000 Northerners were upset by the harshness of the new law and often helped hide fugitive slaves The Fugitive Slave Act • • • Federal Commissioner ruled on each case Received $5 for releasing defendant Received $10 to return to slaveholder What do you think happened? The Fugitive Slave Act cont. Southerners felt FSA was justified because slaves were considered property • Northerners resented law because it made them part of the slavery system by requiring them to capture runaway slaves • It placed fines on people who wouldn’t cooperate and jail terms on those who helped slaves escape • Northerners faced a moral choice a.Obey law and support slavery b.Disobey law and oppose slavery Question: How could a northerner break the law under the Fugitive Slave Act? • UNCLE TOM’S CABIN • • • • In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published her influential novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin The book stressed the moral evil of slavery Southerners protested Eliza Pursued by Bloodhounds that it did not portray from the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs slavery accurately Abolitionist protests increased Instant best seller sold 500,000 by 1857 TENSION BUILDS IN KANSAS • vs. • After Stephen Douglas worked to pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, Kansas would vote to decide on whether slavery would be legal or outlawed This contradicted the 36° 30” of the Missouri Compromise The Kansas-Nebraska Act • Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois to divide up Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska • Let people decide through popular sovereignty whether or not to allow slavery (Why did he do this?) • Would end Missouri Compromise • Turned Kansas into a bloody battleground BLEEDING KANSAS • • • The race for Kansas was on. . .both supporters and opponents attempted to populate Kansas to win the vote over slavery As the election neared, a group of pro-slavery “border ruffians” from Missouri attempted to cross into Kansas Violence erupted – Bleeding Kansas is the legacy Finally, after years of fighting, Kansas is admitted as a free state in 1861 More Bleeding Kansas • • • • • • • Election for government held in 1855 More proslavery than antislavery 5000 proslavery Missourian’s voted illegally to swing vote for proslavery Proslavery government won Antislavery forces elected own government Both sides armed themselves “Sack of Lawrence” in May of 1855 Ruins of the Free-State Hotel in Lawrence in 1856 as sketched in Sara T. D. Robinson's book, Kansas; Its Interior and Exterior Life. The hotel was destroyed by Proslavery men led by Sheriff Samuel J. Jones, who were acting without authorization. Both the New England Emigrant Aid Company and its assignee, the University of Kansas, several times tried unsuccessfully to collect damages from the federal government. Violence in Congress • Charles Sumner from Massachusetts delivered a speech in the Senate attacking proslavery forces in Kansas • Insulted Sen. A.P. Butler of S.C. • Preston Brooks, Butler’s nephew, attacked Sumner on the Senate floor with his cane, hitting him about 30 times and breaking the cane Charles Sumner of Massachusetts delivered a blistering speech in the Senate attacking the spread of slavery into Kansas. In his speech he attacked fellow Senators Douglas of Illinois and Butler of South Carolina. It took Sumner three years to regain his health enough to return to the Senate. Hon. Charles Sumner - the great senator and statesman, the champion of civil and political equality born January 6th 1811, died March 11th 1874 from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Preston Brooks was the nephew of A.P. Butler who was singled out by Sumner in his speech. Brooks was never charged with a crime but resigned his seat in the House after surviving a censure vote. He was soon reelected to fill his own vacancy. John Brown • Avenged the Sack of Lawrence • With 7 other men he murdered 5 proslavery neighbors while they slept in their beds • Known as the Pottawatomie Massacre after creek where victims bodies were found • Civil war broke out in Kansas for 3 more years John Brown believed that God commanded him to rid slavery from the United States. After leading raids in Kansas with 5 of his sons, he moved to Virginia to plan an attack that would free all the slaves. Brown was wounded and captured and later hanged for treason on December 2, 1859 for his role in trying to capture the American fort at Harpers Ferry - from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs. John Brown, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing slightly right A. Recognizing Effects Take notes on the Compromise of 1850. Effect Compromise of 1850 Effect Residents in western territories will decide by vote whether to allow slavery or not California is admitted as a free state which changed the balance between the number of slave and free states B. Evaluating Use the chart below to evaluate the role of these people and ideas in raising tensions over the issue of slavery in the1850’s. popular sovereignty 1. This was a hotly contested idea about the spread of slavery. It caused violence to break out in Kansas as pro- and anti-slavery forces fought to have the most supporters for their side. It did allow for slavery to spread into new territories. It allowed citizens to vote whether to favor slavery or not. Kansas-Nebraska Act 2. Once this legislation was passed, Kansas became a bloody battleground between proslavery and antislavery believers. The K-N Act allowed for popular sovereignty to determine the slavery issue in the new territories of Kansas and Nebraska. “Bleeding Kansas” 3. What happened in Kansas caused the entire nation to take a look at just how deep the rift was over the issue of slavery. People began to take sides one way or the other. John Brown 4. Became a hero in the North because of his abolitionist ideas. He stirred up the flames in Kansas and later tried to capture the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Brown was hanged for his actions. Preston Brooks 5. Even the Senate of the United States was not immune from violence. Preston Brooks severely beat Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the Senate. Brooks, a Southerner, became a hero in the South while Sumner took years to get back to the Senate floor. Section 3 - Slavery Dominates Politics Find Out: • Why the Republican Party was formed • The effects of the Dred Scott case • The Lincoln-Douglas Debates • The impact of John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry NEW POLITICAL PARTIES EMERGE • • • • Know-Nothing members answered questions by saying, “I know Nothing” The political landscape by 1856 was very different than it had been just a few years earlier Gone was the Whig Party The Democrats were still alive but faced increasing challenge from new parties An alternative was the Know-Nothing Party THE FREE-SOILERS • • • • Another party that emerged in the mid-19th century was the FreeSoilers They were northerners who opposed slavery in the territories Free-Soilers objections to slavery were based on economics not moral objection to slavery They believed slavery drove down wages for white workers “Soil” REPUBLICANS EMERGE AS LEADING PARTY • • Republicans won all but 3 presidential elections from 1860-1932 In 1854, opponents of slavery in the territories formed a new political party, the Republican Party As the party grew it took on Free-Soilers, some anti-slavery Democrats and Whigs, and KnowNothings "A Paradox“ from the Library of Congress The Republicans and Democrats fight over the foreign vote The Republican Party Forms • Grew from split in the Whig Party over the Kansas-Nebraska Act • Southern whigs were destroyed • Northern whigs joined with other opponents of slavery and formed the Republican Party • Ran John C. Frémont for President in 1856 song Song for the people from the Library of Congress Campaign poster from 1856 election from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs The Election of 1856 • Democrats nominate James Buchanan from Pennsylvania • Buchanan was minister to Great Britain and out of the country since 1853 • Said little about slavery and claimed his goal was to maintain the Union • Frémont ran in the North for the Republicansnot on Southern ballot • Former President Millard Fillmore ran in South • Buchanan won but Frèmont won 11 states for Republicans THE DRED SCOTT DECISION • • • • • A major Supreme Court decision occurred when slave Dred Scott was taken by his owner to free states Illinois & Wisconsin Scott argued that that made him a free man Finally in 1857, the Supreme Court (Chief Justice Taney) ruled against Dred Scott citing the Constitution’s protection of property The decision increased tensions over slavery Northerners are angry because it made slavery legal everywhere in US DRED SCOTT LOST HIS CHANCE AT FREEDOM – From Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Dred Scott and his wife sued for their freedom because they had lived for 9 years in free territory. The decision had more to do with property rights than whether they deserved their freedom. From Library of Congress Prints and Photographs LINCOLN – DOUGLAS DEBATES • • • • The 1858 race for U.S. Senate in Illinois was hotly contested between Republican Lincoln and Democratic Douglas One of the most celebrated debates in history ensued as the topic was slavery in the territories Douglas favored popular sovereignty while Lincoln wanted a Constitutional Amendment Made Lincoln a national figure Lincoln Douglas debate Du Page County Centennial, August 27th From the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs HARPERS FERRY • • ARSENAL • • BROWN While politicians debated the slavery issue, John Brown plotted a major slave revolt On October 16, 1859, he led a band of 21 men, black and white, into Harpers Ferry, Virginia He hoped to seize a large federal arsenal, but troops put down the rebellion Brown was tried and executed John Brown Attacks Harpers Ferry • Wanted to arm slaves to revolt for their freedom • Planned to capture weapons at the U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA • Oct. 16, 1859, Brown and his followers captured the arsenal, killing 4 people • Brown sent out word to arm the slaves but none came • Marines attacked the fort and captured Brown 6 of his followers • Brown was hung for treason A. Analyzing Points of View Use the chart below to take notes on people’s views of the topics listed. Supporters Reasons for their Support 1. Dred Scott decision Proslavery forces Antislavery forces Neither Proslavery people supported this decision because it said that slaves were property and not allowing slavery anywhere was a violation of the Fifth Amendment. Slave owners had a right to keep their property. 2. Douglas, in the Lincoln-Douglas debates Proslavery forces Antislavery forces Neither Proslavery forces liked it because it allowed new territories to use popular sovereignty to determine slavery; however, they could vote to keep slavery out. 3. Lincoln, in the Lincoln-Douglas debates Proslavery forces Antislavery forces Neither Antislavery favored Lincoln because he did not want to see slavery spread although he did not want to abolish it. He called slavery “a moral, a social, and a political wrong.” 4. John Brown’s hanging Proslavery Antislavery supporters saw John Brown as a hero while Proslavery people reviled him. forces Antislavery forces Neither B. Finding Main Ideas Use the chart below to note something important you learned about each of the following. Founding of the Republican Party: In 1854, opponents of slavery in the territories formed a new political party, the Republican Party. It grew from a split in the Whig Party over the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It also included Free Soilers, Know Nothings, and antislavery Democrats. John C. Frémont: Frémont was an army hero who became the first Republican presidential candidate in the election of 1856. He lost the election to Democrat James Buchanan. James Buchanan: Democrats nominated James Buchanan from Pennsylvania who was minister to Great Britain and out of the country since 1853.He said little about slavery and claimed his goal was to maintain the Union Section 4 - Lincoln’s Election and Southern Secession Find Out: • Why the Democratic Party split in the election of 1860 • The issues in the election of 1860 • The secession of the Southern states from the Union • The Union’s response to secession Political Parties Splinter • Democrats held convention to nominate candidate for President in Charleston, S.C. in April of 1860 • No. and So. Democrats disagreed on issue of slavery in their platform-popular sovereignty (How?) • Northern Democrats won out causing 50 Southern delegates to walk out • Northern Democrats tried to nominate Stephen Douglas of Illinois Political Parties Splinter cont. • • • • • Democrats gave up and decided to meet in Baltimore in June of 1860 Couldn’t agree on candidate and Northern Democrats nominated Douglas Southern Democrats nominated John Breckinridge of Kentucky (current VP) and supporter of slavery Republicans had already nominated Lincoln John Bell ran for Constitutional Union Party which formed to preserve Union 1860 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION • • • Republicans nominated Abe Lincoln while the Democrats split Lincoln won the 1860 election with less than half the popular vote and no Southern electoral votes The Southern states were not happy Washington, D.C. Negro boys admiring the Lincoln Memorial – from Library of Congress . 1860 ELECTION RESULTS SOUTHERN SECESSION • • • • • Secession Exploded from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs. Lincoln’s victory in 1860 election convinced Southerners that they had to act quickly South Carolina led the way, seceding from the union in December of 1860 Mississippi was next, then Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas Southern delegates met in February, 1861 and formed the Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as President Southern states had now dissolved their ties with the USA Efforts to Compromise Fail • • • • • • Some want compromise John J. Crittenden proposed a compromise to extend the Missouri Compromise Line to the Pacific Ocean Never passed Congress Lincoln took oath of office on March 4,1861 Told South he had no intention of abolishing slavery Lincoln did not press the South A. Categorizing Use the chart below to take notes on the 1860’s presidential election. Party Candidate Platform Supporters 1. Republican Abraham Lincoln Preserve the Union Not let slavery spread into new territories Not to abolish slavery Not on Southern ballot Northern anti-slavery supporters 2. Democratic Stephen A. Douglas Believed in popular sovereignty to resolve issue of slavery in territories Northern Democrats 3. Democrats John Breckinridge Believed the federal government should protect slavery in any territory Southern Democrats And Southern Republicans 4. Constitutional Union John Bell Preserve the Union Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee B. Analyzing Points of View Use the chart below to take notes on the views of each group regarding secession. Southerners Northerners 1. Many states warned they would secede from Union if Lincoln was elected president. They argued that they had voluntarily joined the Union and they can voluntarily leave the Union. Southerners feared Northerners would use their majority to abolish slavery. South Carolina was the first to leave followed by 7 other states. They formed the Confederate States of America and elected Jefferson Davis as President in February of 1861. They also wrote their own constitution. 2. Northerners considered secession to be unconstitutional. They believed the federal government, not state governments, was sovereign. Northerners said Southerners didn’t want to live by rules of democracy in which the majority rules.