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CIVIL WAR 1860-1865 FORT SUMTER Lincoln’s Inauguration Confederate soldier s begin to take over federal cour ts, post of fices, and for ts Confederates demand For t Sumter or else attack Fort Sumter = important b/c location in Charleston Harbor (SC) If Lincoln complies Confederates = legitimate nation… if Lincoln defends the fort could be seen as hostile action April 4: Lincoln tells Davis he’s sending provisions Davis says no If Davis accepts Lincoln’s “food for hungry men” and does nothing then he loses legitimacy as a nation, but if he attacks he ends peaceful secession and begins war. April 11: Confederates call on the Union to surrender Fort Sumter April 1 2: Confederates fire on Fort Sumter April 15: Lincoln calls upon the states to provide 75,000 volunteer militia men April 19: Lincoln blockades Charleston harbor PATRIOTIC FEVER After Ft. Sumter attack, more states secede from the Union Virginia Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina In Virginia, many people supported the north… Unionists form West Virginia in 1863 Other border states that have slaves decide to stay with the Union Delaware Maryland Kentucky Missouri CAPITALS Union Capital = Washington D.C. Confederacy Capital = Richmond, VA Only 107 Miles apart! AVERAGE SOLDIER 2.75 million soldiers fought White male, native-born, protestant Average age = 26 years old Majority served in the infantry (foot soldier) Men on both sides inspired to fight by patriotism, state pride, the chance for adventure, steady pay NORTHERN VS. SOUTHERN SOLDIERS Union Confederate Population of states: 22 million Population of states: 9 million (4 million slaves) 2,128,948 soldiers 1,082,119 soldiers 1in 8 died of disease 1 in 5 died of disease 1 in 18 died in battle 1 in 8 died in battle Fought to preserve the Union, eventually to abolish slavery Fought to defend his home 25% foreign-born soldiers 9% foreign-born soldiers 179,000 Black soldiers 3,000 Black soldiers Rations = 22 oz. bread & 12 oz. pork /1 lb. salted beef Rations = 12 oz. bacon/20 oz. beef & 18 oz. flour/20 oz. bread Wages = $11 $16 a month Wages = $11 $18 a month FIRST MODERN WAR 1 out of every 12 adults served 620,000 men died (50% more than WWII) Any injury to the head or stomach was fatal Very few doctors….gangrene was rampant 50,000 survivors had limbs amputated Soldiers have little knowledge of fighting, supplies, and equipment Disease was the greatest threat LIFE AND DEATH Weapons technology Rifled musket: killed more soldiers than anything else, except disease Created wounds that were difficult to treat New types of militar y technology ironclad ships & submarines canister bullets repeating rifles telegraph observation balloons trench warfare Disease & Hygiene Diarrhea = greatest killer during the Civil War War had over 620,000 casualties more than 400,000 died of sickness and disease Make-shift hospitals BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR RATIONALE BEHIND BATTLE LOCATION 1. 2. Road Networks Importance of the Area 3. 4. 5. 6. Example: The area between Richmond, VA and Washington, DC Railroad Networks Waterways Topography or Lay of the Land Reliable Intelligence WAR STRATEGIES Union: Anaconda Plan General Winfield Scott 1. Blockade Southern ports 2. Divide Confederacy in two in west 3. Capture Richmond, Confederate capital Confederacy: Offensive-Defensive Strategy 1. Focused on defending own territory 2. Attack Union territory if opportunity presents itself BULL RUN July, 1861: Manassas, VA (U): General Ir win McDowell (C): P.T. Beauregard Confusion caused two (U) ar tiller y batteries to stop firing and (C) over whelmed (U) troops Major victor y for the (C), keeping (U) from Richmond CONSCRIPTION After Bull Run, (U) had 500,000 troops (C) had 400,000 Conscription (Military Draft) Confederates Draft first All white, males aged 18-35 were declared members of the army for 3 years Loopholes out of service 1. Provide a substitute 2. Working a good job State Legislator Planters March 1863 Union also held a draft All white, males aged 20-45 Draft riots in New York City SHILOH April 1862: Southwestern TN (U): Gen. William Sherman & Gen. Ulysses S. Grant Union losses first day of the surprise battle Grant’s counterattack on the second day forced (C) troops to retreat Bloody battle marked beginning of “total war” for both sides as well as the end of Southern control of the Mississippi Valley ANTIETAM September 1862: Sharpsburg, MD (U): Gen. McClellan (C): Gen. Robert E. Lee (U) did not take advantage of Lee’s battle strategy plans (found by Union soldiers in advance ) (U) attacked successfully & drove the (C) to retreat Strategic victor y for (U) But (U) gave up opportunity to finish the (C) forces once and for all by not continuing the battle as the (C) retreated Union lost 2,180 men…10,000 wounded Confederates lost 10,000 men (1/4 of Lee’s Army) Lincoln is outraged by McClellan & failure to use Lee’s plan McClellan fired Replacement = Ambrose Burnside EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION Emancipation Proclamation: Sept 1862 Issued after Antietam Didn’t free all slaves… Said that on January 1, 1863 the government would liberate all slaves. Didn’t liberate the Border States or slaves in the South controlled by the Union. Emancipation discourages Britain from supporting the South EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION Reactions Proclamation has symbolic value, gives war high moral purpose Free blacks welcome ability to fight against slavery Northern Democrats claim it will antagonize the South & prolong war Confederacy becomes more determined to preserve way of life Compromise no longer possible; one side must defeat the other 54 TH MASSACHUSETTS First military unit consisting of black soldiers raised in the North Emancipation Proclamation use of free black men as soldiers Controversial/ lots of attention Black man's ability to fight in the "white man's war.“ Black leadership: could blacks be officers? Commissioned officers = white, enlisted men = black Black officers up to LT = noncommissioned, reached positions by moving up the ranks GETT YSBURG July 1: (C) enter Gettysburg looking for supplies. (U) encounters (C) troops north of Gettysburg July 2: (C) joins and attacks (U) from both sides. Fighting begins early in the morning near “little round top” hill July 3: (C) orders his troops to advance across the open ground They walk right into (U) fire July 4: With 1/3 of his Army gone, Lee (C) retreats in a driving thunderstorm Results 51 ,000 casualties at Gettysburg Killed, wounded, captured, and missing (U) casualties: 23,055 (C) casualties: abt. 28,000 GETT YSBURG ADDRESS Nov 1863: Speech given during ceremony to dedicate cemetery in Gettysburg Fewer than 300 words Only 9 sentences Less than 3 minutes Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. KEY REPEATED WORDS AND CONCEPTS Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. KEY REPEATED WORDS AND CONCEPTS Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. KEY REPEATED WORDS AND CONCEPTS Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. KEY REPEATED WORDS AND CONCEPTS Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. KEY REPEATED WORDS AND CONCEPTS Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. KEY REPEATED WORDS AND CONCEPTS Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. KEY REPEATED WORDS AND CONCEPTS Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. KEY REPEATED WORDS AND CONCEPTS Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. KEY REPEATED WORDS AND CONCEPTS Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that LOCAL FOCUS nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. LOCAL FOCUS NATIONAL ISSUE Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. LOCAL FOCUS NATIONAL ISSUE GLOBAL SCOPE Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this PAST continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this PAST continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that NEAR PAST nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this PAST continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that NEAR PAST nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come PRESENT to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. PAST NEAR PAST PRESENT NEAR FUTURE Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. PAST NEAR PAST PRESENT NEAR FUTURE FUTURE Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. BIRTH & LIFE DEATH & DYING Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion —that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that UNCER- nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long TAINTY endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this WHAT continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the OTHERS proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that DID nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. WHAT OTHERS DID WHAT WE MUST DO Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion— that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. END OF THE CIVIL WAR 18631865 VICKSBURG July 4, 1863: Mississippi (U): Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (C): Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest Af ter taking out smaller Confederate forces, Grant (U) ordered a siege of Vicksburg (C) eventually surrendered af ter much suffering when their reinforcements never arrived Major (U) victor y demonstrated Nor th’s ability to fight without access to supplies & meant that Mississippi now belonged to the Union SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA Nov -Dec 1864: Atlanta/Savannah GA (U): Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman Sherman marched his troops, burning, vandalizing, pillaging and destroying as they went Sherman’s tactic of “total war” was mean to break the spirit of the Confederacy ELECTION OF 1864 Lincoln is nominated by the Republicans Support from “war” Democrats Running mate was Andrew Johnson (Dem from TN) Democrats nominate General George B. McClellan Ran on a platform labeling the war a failure and called for peace Lincoln thought he was going to lose Sept, 1864 Sherman takes Atlanta boosts Northern moral Inspires a rousing win for Lincoln LINCOLN CALLS FOR ABOLITION Constitutional amendment was necessary to ensure the end of slavery = Thirteenth Amendment! Abolish slavery/involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime Congress debates: Provisions to prevent discrimination against blacks? Election of 1864: Lincoln calls for the “utter and complete destruction” of slavery Senate passed measure 1864, House passed in Jan 1865 sent to the states for ratification GA ratified in Dec 1865 institution of slavery would no longer exist in the USA APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE News that (U) Sherman’s attacks destroyed the South (U) Grant chases (C) Lee to a village outside of Richmond Lee’s troops are out of food, water, and other supplies Lee dons his dress uniform and meets Grant to surrender Lee surrenders/Grant allows the Confederates to keep their horses and weapons. ASSASSINATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN Lincoln never received word that Lee surrendered Actor, John Wilkes Booth organizes a plot to kill Lincoln, VP & Sec. of State April 14, 1865: Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. Lincoln w/ wife in a balcony seat Booth enters Lincoln’s box, Lincoln shot in back of head Yells “ Sic Semper Tyrannis” “Death always unto tyrants” Booth dies several days later in a shoot-out V.P. Andrew Johnson takes over as President EFFECTS OF WAR When Lincoln was assassinated, VP Johnson took over and began the era of “Reconstruction” Goal of “Reconstruction” = Individual states would end up joined together in a stronger union No longer would questions concerning secession or nullification be argued by individual states Most importantly, the war of ficially ended slavery RECONSTRUCTION PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION Plan #1: 10% Plan (Lincoln) Was lenient/forgiving to Former Confederates Secession impossible (C) states never really left the Union Pardon all Confederates (EXCEPT high ranking Confederate officials and those accused of crimes against prisoners of war) who would swear allegiance to the Union Designed to put the country back together ASAP Plan #2: Presidential Reconstruction (Johnson) Designed to be harsh towards former Confederates Readmitted to Union if swear allegiance to Union, ratify 13th Amendment (abolished slavery), pay off Confederate war debts Nothing said about what will be done to former slaves PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION Southern Congressmen return to govt. 58 had been part of the Confederacy 6 in the Confederate Cabinet 4 Confederate Generals Johnson pardons them all Congress is NOT happy WINNER! Plan #3: Congressional Reconstruction (Congress) Designed to be harsh towards former Confederates Designed to help out former slaves Set up support systems for former slaves Gave citizenship and voting rights to former slaves CONGRESS’ REVENGE ON CONFEDERATES Congress enlarges Freedmen’s Bureau Helps former slaves /poor whites in South by providing food, clothing, hospitals, schools, jobs, and teacher-training centers Congress passes Civil Rights Act of 1866 Gave African Americans citizenship Forbade states from passing Black Codes Johnson VETOES the act Congress overrides and act passes Congress drafts Fourteenth Amendment All persons born in USA = a citizen with the guarantee of equal protection under the law Johnson: wants S. states to reject All southern states reject (except TN!) not ratified until 1868 CONGRESS PROTECTS FORMER SLAVES Congress convinced something must be done to protect former slaves Reconstruction Act of 1867: Congress did not recognize the pardoned state govts Kick all those states back out Confederacy divided into 5 military districts Controlled by a Union General/soldiers For state to reenter Union, state Constitution must: ensure African Americans had the right to vote Ratify the 14th amendment Johnson VETOS act Congress and moves forward Congress tries to get Johnson impeached (no one voted for him anyway!) REPUBLICANS FIGHT FOR BLACK VOTE Johnson does not run for reelection Republican Ulysses S. Grant wins 1868 Election 500,000 Southern blacks vote made a difference! Republicans introduce the Fifteenth Amendment: No one can be kept from voting because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Ratified in 1870 many southern states refused to enforce it and resorted to violence and terror to keep blacks from voting Congress passed The Enforcement Act of 1870 : Increased power of fed govt to punish anyone trying to prevent blacks from exercising their rights.
