Download Ch.20-21 - Effingham County Schools

The Red Scare
• In 1917, Russia pulled out of WWI due to its own
revolution at home.
• A party known as the Bolsheviks took over and
installed a socialist gov’t (one in which the state
owns most property, regulates the economy, and
runs most of the major industry).
• They modeled their ideas after Karl Marx and
believed their gov’t would lead to communism
(system in which people in society cooperate and
own property mutually, thereby making gov’t
unnecessary).
The Red Scare
• Bolsheviks believed that in order for their plan to
work, workers in other countries should establish
socialist gov’ts as well.
• This greatly alarmed people in the US!
• Business leaders, gov’t officials, and many
citizens feared that a revolution would occur in the
US.
• This led to a period known as the Red Scare, in
which people became fearful of anyone who might
be a communist or a threat to US freedom.
The Palmer Raids and other Anti-Communist
Measures
•Hysteria grew when a series of bombings occurred in the
spring of 1919.
•The Post Office intercepted several packages addressed to
leading politicians and businessmen, (including Supreme Court
Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, J.P. Morgan, and John D.
Rockefeller) that were set to explode when opened.
•One bomb exploded outside the home of the Attorney
General, A. Mitchell Palmer.
•Palmer sets up an anti-radical division of the Justice
Department, appoints J. Edgar Hoover to direct what
becomes the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
J.P. Morgan
A. Mitchell Palmer
Oliver Wendell Holmes
John D. Rockefeller
Immigration Restrictions
• The Red Scare and suspicions about immigrants
led to a new rise of nativism (opposition to
immigration).
• As a result, citizens pressured the gov’t to place
restrictions on immigration.
• Congress passed a temporary limit to the # of
people who could come to the US in 1924 and
permanent bans occurred in 1929.
Immigration Restrictions
• These laws were designed to allow more
immigrants to come from Western Europe
and fewer to come from Eastern Europe and
Asia.
• These laws also did not address
immigration from the Western hemisphere,
so the # of Hispanic Catholic immigrants
increased drastically.
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
• Meanwhile, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) also
saw a resurgence due to its willingness to
expand its attacks.
• They targeted African Americans, Jews,
Catholics, Communists, and foreign
immigrants.
• They grew to be a national, rather than just
a Southern, force of hatred.
“Return to Normalcy”
• After WWI, people in the US wanted a return to
the security they had felt before the fighting
began.
• In 1920, Warren G. Harding was elected as
president of the US.
• Harding won much of his support by stating that
the nation needed a “return to normalcy.”
• In reality, the 1920s would be a decade of great
change and innovation prior to one of the most
challenging times in US History.
Calvin Coolidge
Harding’s VP
30th President
Warren G. Harding
29th President
The Roaring Twenties
• Roaring Twenties is a phrase used to
describe the 1920s, principally in
North America, that emphasizes the
period's social, artistic, and cultural
dynamism.
• This time period is also known as The
Jazz Age or the Golden Twenties.
• One key figure of the time was Henry Ford.
• He was not the first to invent the
automobile, but he was the first to perfect
and successfully market it.
• In 1907, Ford sold 30,000 of his first, massproduced car, the Model T.
• What really made a difference for Ford
were his views of mass production.
• Ford wanted to produce enough
automobiles that he could afford to sell
them at greatly reduced prices, allowing
almost anyone to afford his cars.
• To achieve this goal, Ford relied on the
assembly line, which allowed employees to
stay in one spot while the assembly line
brought the parts to them.
• Ford decided to pay his workers $5 per day
wage, which he hoped would allow his
workers to also buy a car.
• He also started the 40-hour work week,
which would become the standard work
week.
•Influenced economic prosperity
•Encouraged growth of suburbs
•Changed patterns of leisure - road trips and
vacations become commonplace
•Affected patterns of crime
•Ford Model T was the most popular – around
17 million were produced between 1907 1926
•Jazz was the musical innovation of the decade!
•Started in New Orleans with African rhythms
and songs, followed the Mississippi to northern
cities.
•Both black and white music lovers frequented
nightclubs to hear Louis Armstrong (a trumpet
player and singer from New Orleans), Duke
Ellington, Billie Holiday and others.
Tin Pan Alley
• As music continued to increase in popularity during
the era, some musicians and songs became very
famous.
• Tin Pan Alley is the name given to the collection
of New York City-centered music publishers and
songwriters who dominated the popular music of
the United States in the late 19th century and
early 20th century.
• One of the most famous musicians and songwriters
associated with Tin Pan Alley was Irving Berlin.
• He composed over 3000 songs during his career!
Irving Berlin
Jewish American composer and
songwriter of over 3000
songs including, "God Bless
America", "White Christmas",
"Anything You Can Do", "There's
No Business Like Show Business"
George Gershwin
Composer and pianist
Johnny Mercer
Native of Savannah, GA
Songwriter and Singer
Co-founder of Capitol Records
“Moon River” and more
Scott Joplin
Composer and pianist
“King of Ragtime”
•An increase in black racial pride and awareness
led many black intellectuals to produce works of
art portraying the daily lives of working class
African Americans.
•Langston Hughes wrote memorable poetry, short
stories, and plays.
•Many other black painters, dancers, and
musicians also produced enduring works of art.
•Because much of this took place in New York, it
became known as the Harlem Renaissance.
Jeunesse
by Palmer Hayde
I, too, sing America.
I am the darker brother.
They send me to eat in
the kitchen
When company comes,
But I laugh,
And eat well,
And grow strong.
Tomorrow,
I'll be at the table
When company comes.
Nobody'll dare
Say to me,
"Eat in the kitchen,"
Then.
Besides,
They'll see how beautiful I am
And be ashamed I, too, am America.
“I saw no curse in being black.”
Author of Their Eyes Were Watching God
Radio and Movies
• Two of the most important developments in
media were the radio and movies.
• Long before television, radio became the first
source of mass communication and
entertainment available to people in their own
homes.
• Radio united the nation as people enjoyed the
same shows and heard the same news reports.
• It also transformed politics by giving leaders
direct access to large numbers of people.
•Radio- 1st commercial station broadcasts in
1920
•Radio stations feature news, sports events,
variety entertainment and live musical
broadcasts.
•By 1929, 40 % of American households
owned radios.
•New leisure time initiates the building of
playgrounds, parks, swimming pools, golf
courses, tennis courts, and ball fields.
Radio and Movies
• The movie industry also boomed during
this time.
• The 1920s was largely dominated by
silent movies but saw the introduction of
movies with sound, called “talkies.”
1920s Actors and Actresses:
Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Rudolph Valentino,
John Barrymore, Greta Garbo, Clara Bow, Charlie Chaplin etc.
Percentage of American Families Owning
Various Appliances, 1920 and 1930
Inside flush toilets
Central heating
Home lighting with electricity
Mechanical refrigerators
Washing machines
Vacuum cleaners
Radios
Automobiles
1920
20%
1%
35%
<1%
8%
9%
<1%
26%
1930
51%
42%
68%
8%
24%
30%
40%
60%
W: 472
•Flashy new dress, bobbed hair and
cosmetics
•liberated lifestyle
•often seen smoking, drinking, dancing,
and attending lively parties
•most middle class women continued to
stay at home as housewives and mothers
•some began to find careers
18TH
AMENDMENT
Prohibits the
manufacture,
transport and sale
of liquor after
January 16, 1920.
The Volstead
Act
was enacted by
Congress to ensure
the proper
enforcement of
Prohibition.
Prohibition was
a constitutional
amendment that
prohibited the
use of alcohol.
Prohibition, in
many ways, led
to the rise of
organized crime
as they filled
the void and
supplied a
product that
was illegal but
the public
wanted.
Gangsters,
•Gov’t hires only
1,500 agents to
Bootleggers,
enforce Prohibition.
•Ordinary people
defied the law,
many making
bathtub gin at
home.
•Churches could
still use wine for
sacramental
purposes and
doctors could
prescribe alcohol
for medicinal
reasons
and
Speakeasies
become a part of
the Prohibition
culture.
There was a place in America during Prohibition, where
people gathered
to drink and dance and forget their woes.
Would-be customers were
often met at the door of an unmarked building by
steely eyes peering
through a small slot.
Once inside, these ordinary folks carried on with
reckless abandon and rubbed shoulders with
notorious gangsters like Al Capone and John Dillinger.
They called this place a speakeasy.
Al Capone
Organized crime creates criminal empires like Chicago’s
Al Capone. Gangsters use violence in competition for
the illegal alcohol trade. Al Capone was a Chicago
gangster who made a fortune during prohibition
smuggling and distilling alcohol. The money generated
by this illicit business eventually became a corrupting
influence on the government.
Other 1920s Gangsters include:
Charles “Lucky” Luciano
George “Bugs” Moran
“Dutch” Schultz
Dean O’Banion
Johnny Torrio
Jim Colosimo
Special Law Enforcement Agents were
needed to investigate and bring charges
against the power of organized crime.
•Prohibition is difficult to enforce.
•Crime has increased.
•Prohibition is clearly not working.
Repeals - or cancels the 18th Amendment.
Ends Prohibition.
•Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover favored Big
Business
•Economy grows as factories use new machinery and
switch to electric power
•Raised tariffs
•lower taxes for wealthy
The Soaring Stock Market
Mass production: cars, radios, refrigerators.
People could buy on credit. There is massive consumer
spending.
Confidence that Prosperity was here to stay!!
With more money to spend people invested on the stock
market.
•American industry booms, price of shares move up
•Investors sell their shares at higher prices and make huge
profits
Get Rich, Quick!!
•More people invest, pushing prices higher
•People buy “on the margin”
Let’s get RICH!!!!
Signs of Trouble
•50% of American families earned less than $2000 a
year.
•American Industry was producing too many goods.
•Farmers - crops prices had dropped.
•Coal miners - oil replacing coal as major source of
energy.
•Textile industry - fashions dictated less fabric.
•Unions - had little power to help laid off workers.
•Business held down workers wages - less buying
power - decline in demand for products like cars,
appliances, and homes.
•Production slows - more workers lose jobs.
•American banks suffered when European nations
failed to pay back $$ borrowed after WWI.
...“been in Sorrow’s kitchen and
licked all the pots. Then I have
stood on peaky mountains wrapped in
rainbows.”
Zora Neal Hurston
A most fitting description of
the Roaring Twenties.
What happens next?